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Geology Chimacum Middle School 6th Grade Earth Science Science EALR 1.1 use properties to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects, and use characteristics to categorize living things. Nature and Properties of Earth materials BM#2 "Classify rocks and soils into groups based on their chemical and physical properties; describe the processes by which rocks and soils are formed." Created by Mr. González Your Mission Your company is bidding for a project with a mining company, Rock Co. One section of the bid requires that you describe the rock cycle including the three types of rock found on planet earth. You must be able to describe how you can identify each type of rock as well as show how soils are formed and classified. You will also work as a team to create a PowerPoint presentation. The PowerPoint presentation will show why your company should be hired on with Rock Co. An effective writer may consider the following points: - name the three types of rocks - describe and/or draw each type of rock - name two ways each type of rock can be identified - show how soils are formed and classified - describe the rock cycle, * describe how one rock type may become another * explain why the rock cycle is a cycle. Created by Mr. González Each One’s Responsibility One person will become a rock expert, including the rock cycle. One person will become a mineral expert. One person will become a soil expert. All will share. Created by Mr. González Classifying Rocks Generally, rocks are classified into three major groups: – Sedimentary – Igneous – Metamorphic Created by Mr. González How Sedimentary are Formed You start with SEDIMENTS! Created by Mr. González How Igneous are Formed Created by Mr. González How Metamorphic are Formed Created by Mr. González Rocks, a Cycle? Created by Mr. González Minerals A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. color---color may vary from one specimen of a mineral to another hence is not a very reliable property to help in mineral identification * luster---a mineral with a metallic luster will have a black or blackish colored powdered streak on a porcelain streak plate---that for a mineral with nonmetallic luster will have a light colored and mostly a nonprominent streak * streak color---see luster above * hardness---a streak plate, glass, copper penny, and fingernail are hardness tools which can be used to test mineral hardness---also a set of minerals called Moh's relative hardness set can be used to specify more accurately the relative hardness of a mineral * cleavage and fracture---the ability of a mineral to break apart in a consistent way (cleavage) or inability of a mineral to do so (fracture or to shatter) can aid in mineral identification * other special characteristics---the taste of halite (salty) and the smell of powdered sphalerite or sulfur (rotten eggs or sulfur) on a streak plate are examples * Created by Mr. González Mineral Hardness Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness In 1812 the Mohs scale of mineral hardness was devised by the German mineralogist Frederich Mohs (1773-1839), who selected the ten minerals because they were common or readily available. The scale is not a linear scale, but somewhat arbitrary. Hardness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mineral Associations and Uses Talc Talcum powder. Gypsum Plaster of paris. Gypsum is formed when seawater evaporates from the Earth’s surface. Calcite Limestone and most shells contain calcite. Fluorite Fluorine in fluorite prevents tooth decay. Apatite When you are hungry you have a big "appetite". Orthoclase Orthoclase is a feldspar, and in German, "feld" means "field". Quartz Used for decoration in the home. Topaz The November birthstone. Emerald and aquamarine are varieties of beryl with a hardness of 8. Corundum Sapphire and ruby are varieties of corundum. Twice as hard as topaz. Diamond Used in jewelry and cutting tools. Four times as hard as corundum. Created by Mr. González Created by Mr. González Soil Classification Created by Mr. González Created by Mr. González Bibliography Lesson on Rocks. Volcano World. <http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/ Rocks/Rocks1.html> Rocks (2001). Museums Teaching Planet Earth. <http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/%7Edylan/mtpe/geosphere/top ics/rx/rocks.html> Mohs Scale of Hardness (10/29/00). American Federation of Mineralogical Societies. <http://www.amfed.org/t_mohs.htm> Mineral Hardness/Cleavage (9/13/00). Minerals. <http://geollab.jmu.edu/Fichter/Minerals/hardness.html> Twelve Soil Orders (7/5/02). University of Idaho, Soil Science Division. <http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/> Created by Mr. González