Transcript SGEM

SELCUK UNIVERSITY
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER
WELL DRILLING SECTOR OF
TURKEY
Speaker: Asst. Prof. Dr. A. Ferhat BAYRAM
Eng. Adil ÖZDEMİR
Eng. Fatih ÜÇGÜN
Asst. Prof. Dr. Gürsel KANSUN
Introduction
Water Resources Potential of Turkey
Mean Precipitation
643 mm/m2
Turkey ’s Surface Area
780 000 km2
A Precipitation Volume
501 billion m³
Evaporation
274 billion m³
Leakage into Groundwater
41 billion m³
Surface water
Total Surface Runoff
186 billion m³
Exploitable Surface Runoff
98 billion m³
Groundwater Safe Yield
14 billion m³
Total Potential (net)
112 billion m³
Groundwater
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Introduction
Turkey is not a rich country
in terms of existing water
potential. Turkey is a water
stress country according to
annual volume of water
available per capita. The
annual exploitable amount
of water has recently been
approximately 1500 m3 per
capita.
Countries can be classified according to their water wealth:
Poor: Annual water volume per capita is less than 1000 m3
Insufficient / Water Stress: Annual water volume per capita is less than
2000 m3
Rich: Annual water volume per capita is more than 8000- 10000 m3
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Introduction
The State Institute of Statistics
(DIE) has estimated Turkey’s
population as 100 million by 2030.
So, the annual available amount
of water per capita will be about
1000 m3 by 2030.
The current population and economic growth rate will alter water
consumption patterns. As population increases, annual allocated
available amount of water per person will decrease. The
projections for future water consumption would be valid on the
condition that the water resources were protected from pollution
at least for the next 25 years. It is imperative that available
resources be evaluated rationally so as to provide clean and
sufficient water resources for the next generation.
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Introduction
In 2003, 40.1 billion m3
volume of water was
consumed
in
various
sectors in Turkey; 29.6
billion m3 in the irrigation
sector, 6.2 billion m3 in
the water supply sector,
4.3 billion m3 in the
industrial sector.
This sum corresponds to development of only 36.5% of the
available exploitable potential of 112 billion m3. With ongoing
studies, it is aimed at using the maximum portion of available
potential in the country.
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Folds
Of particular relevance is classical four fold subdivision of Ketin (1966)
1- Pondides
2- Anatolides
3- Taurides
4- Border folds
Neotectonic Framework of Turkey (Şengör et al., 1985; Barka, 1992). 1. Granitic
rocks, 2. Late Cretaceous TH-CA volcanism, 3. Late Cretaceous CA-A
(Şoşonitik) volcanism, 4. Ophiolitic suture zone.
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Pontides
• The pontides are separated from the Anatolides by a major
Tethyan suture, the İzmir - Erzincan suture, whereas the
Anatolides
exhibit
strong
Alpine
deformation
and
metamorphism.
• There are three major zones the Pontides: (1) Paleozoic and
Early Mesozoic permeable sedimentary rocks and impermeable
granites metamorphosed in green schist facies; (2) The Istanbul
zone with a Precambrian metamorphic basement overlain by
permeable sedimentary rocks of Cambrian to Eocene age with
numerous major unconformities; (3) The Sakarya Zone consists
of thick, impermeable unmetamorphosed or variably
metamorphosed, intensely deformed and imbricated basement,
(3) The Karakaya Complex and a cover of Mesozoic to Tertiary
permeable clastics and carbonates.
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Pontides
Prior to Paleozoic, and Paleozoic aged
aquifer units: Limestone (Kartal fm, Denizli
fm), sandstones (İstanbul fm, İnkum fm,
Kardon fm, Çapakdere fm, Arıdere fm),
dolomitic limestone (Gökgöl fm)
Mesozoic aged aquifer units : Limestone (Hankırıtepesi kçt,
Kızıltepe fm), sandstones (Karatepe fm, Kırandağ fm)
Cenozoic aged aquifer units : Conglomerate and sandstones
(Düdenyaylası fm, Örencik fm, Çukurca fm), limestone
(Soğucak kçt), alluvium, terrace, deposits cones (Kırcasalih fm)
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Anatolides
• The Anatolides exhibit strong Alpine
deformation and metamorphism.
• There are four units in the Anatolides:
– The
– The
– The
– The
Menderes Massif,
Afyon Zone,
Tavşanlı Zone and
Kırşehir Massif.
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Anatolides
Prior to Paleozoic, and Paleozoic aged
aquifer units: Sandstones (Sarıcasu fm),
crystalline
limestone
(Arıkaya
fm),
limestone (Balıkbaşı fm,)
Mesozoic aged aquifer units: Limestone (Budağan kçt), reef limestone
(Çaldağ fm), sandstones (Haymana fm)
Cenozoic aged aquifer units: Conglomerate and sandstones (Küredağ
fm, Büyükpolatlı fm, Bala fm, Toklargölü fm, Büyükşeyhefenditepe fm),
limestone (Çayraz fm, Küçükpolatlı fm, Mezgit fm, Cihanbeyli fm),
alluvium
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Taurides
• The Taurides consist of a series of
superimposed nappes, which, with
some notable exceptions, do not show
Alpine regional metamorphism, and
comprise Early Paleozoic to latest
Cretaceous or Early Tertiary mostly
sedimentary rocks of platform and
continental margin affinity.
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Taurides
There are six units in the Taurides:
1- The Afyon-Bolkardağ Zone: low – grade
metamorphics composed mainly of meta-clastics
with rare metabasite and recrystallized horizons
constituting the eastward extension of the Afyon
Zone
2- The Aladağ Unit: a complex characterized by thrust sheeted Devonian to Late
Cretaceous platform-type permeable sediments.
3- The Bozkır Unit: a peridotite nappe with Mesozoic low permeable volcanosedimentary rocks which forms a local tectonic cover for the Afyon-Bolkardağ Zone
and Aladağ unit.
4- The Geyikdağı Unit: a relatively autochthonous unit, consisting of Cambrian to
Eocene platform – type permeable sediments.
5- The Alanya Nappes: a sequence of Mesozoic continental margin type
permeable sediments which is tectonically overlain by the Tekirova opholite in the
west and by a impermeable metamorphic complex comprising eglogites and
blueschists.
6- The Lycian Nappes comprising a complex of thrust sheets composed mostly of
Mesozoic impermeable sedimentary and low permeable volcanic rocks of
continental margin type together with a major peridotite nappe.
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Border Folds
The Border folds are the gently folded
foreland of the Alpine orogeny, and
represent the northern extension of the
Arabian Platform to the south of the Bitlis
suture.
They are represented by three major, approximately east-west –
trending tectonic zones in the region, namely (1) the Arabian Platform,
(2) a zone of imbrications, and (3) a zone of nappes. These zones are
separated from one another by major thrusts. The Arabian Platform
represents an autochthonous or paraautochthonous sedimentary
succession which accumulated, with minor interruptions, since Early
Paleozoic time on a craton stabilized during Pan-African orogenic
events. Also included within it are Upper Cretaceous ophiolite nappes
and their latest Cretaceous to Miocene permeable sedimentary cover.
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Hydrogeology of Turkey: Border Folds
Prior to Paleozoic, and Paleozoic aged
aquifer units: Sandstones (Sadan fm680m), dolomitic limestone (Dolomit fm260m), Limestone (Koruk fm-1100m,
Bedinan fm-620m, Dadaş fm-250m)
Mesozoic aged aquifer units: Limestone (Goyan grubu, Mardin kçt),
reef limestone (Sayındere fm, Raman and garzan kçt), turbiditic
sandstones (Germav fm)
Cenozoic aged aquifer units: Conglomerate and Sandstones (Gercüş
fm-800m, Şelmo fm-500m), limestone (Midyat kçt-300m, Silvan kçt100m), alluvium, terrace, deposits cones (Lahdi fm-100m, Dicle fm50m)
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Development of Water Well Drilling in Turkey
• Water well drilling processes in Turkey started by the foundation
of Department of Groundwater within General Directorship of
State Hydraulic Works (SHW) in 1954.
• It was accepted that the drinking and usage water requirement
of municipalities would be carried out by Machine and Drilling
Unit set up within the structure of Provincial Bank in 1963. After
that, the opinion of undertaking the drilling works by SHW
dominated. The Drilling Bureau of General Directorate of Mineral
Research and Exploration (MRE), Sugar Factories Joint-Stock
Companies and General Directorship of Agricultural Enterprise
(GDAE) make water well drillings with their own equipments
and machines even if in very little amounts.
• Beginning from 1969, private water well drilling companies
started to be established. Most of the water well drillings are
performed by private companies in Turkey.
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Present Situation of Drilling Sector and Education
• Water well drilling sector in Turkey is separated into
two as public and private foundations.
– Public foundations are;
• State Hydraulic Works (SHW),
• Provincial Bank,
• Provisional Special Administrations,
• General Directorate of Mineral Research and
Exploration (MRE),
• Sugar Factories Joint Stock Companies,
• Agricultural Enterprises.
– There are approximately 700 private companies.
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When we consider the application sector, we focus on the following
subjects. It’ll be useful to investigate each subject one by one.
• The number of engineer and driller who command the drilling
technique in the sector is very limited.
• One of the problems developing water well drilling sector in
Turkey is driller education or occupational education and its
development.
• It’s unfortunately not possible to say that the importance of
drilling mud is perceived sufficiently in water well drilling studies
in Turkey.
• The number of water wells which are illegal and not suitable for
water well construction technique is increased in the last years
and the problems such as groundwater pollution, dropping of
groundwater level depending on excess water drawing and
salting, etc. occur parallel to this increase.
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Statistics of Used Drilling Machine and Equipments
10.2% of waterwell drilling machines used in Turkey are
imported and 89.8% of them are obtained by local
fabrication
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Statistics of Used Drilling Machine and Equipments
In Turkey, there are totally
120 imported machines:
47 Failing/Speedstar,
33 Ingersollrand,
21 Drilltech/Tamrock,
10 Masaranti and
9 other trademarks
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Statistics of Used Drilling Machine and Equipments
Rotation systems of drilling machines used in water
well drilling studies in Turkey are mostly with rotating
tables
95% of water drilling machines
is rotary table and 5% of them
are top drive/top head
49% of imported water well
drilling machines are rotary
table and 51% of them are
top drive/top head
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Type of pump used in water well drilling studies is usually
centrifugal type pump
In water well drilling studies, centrifuge pumps are used
in a rate of 80% and piston pumps are used in a rate of
20% as a mud pump
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In drilling studies, imported drill pipes having various
diameters are generally used
Drill pipes used in waterwell
drilling studies in Turkey
Diameters of drill pipes used in
waterwell drilling studies in Turkey
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Mostly tricone bits with Volgaburmash trademark are used as bits
The situation of tricone
bits used in waterwell
drilling studies in Turkey
The type of bits using
used in waterwell drilling
studies in Turkey
The trademarks of bits
used in waterwell drilling
studies in Turkey
23
In addition to this, down the hole hammer (DTH) and bits used
in water well drilling studies in Turkey are imported and they’re
with Atlas Copco trademark
Down the hole hammers (DTH)
and bits used in waterwell
drilling studies in Turkey
The trademarks of down the hole
hammer (DTH) used in waterwell
drilling studies in Turkey
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Plastic pipes are preferred as pipes
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Perforated Formations, Well Depths and Perforation Prices
When geological data of 2640
water drilling wells opened in 73
cities by various foundations and
institutions between 1998 and
2006 in Turkey are evaluated, it
was
concluded
that
approximately 50% of water
drilling wells are opened in
alluvium of old or new valley,
20% of them in limestones, 15%
of them in extrusive rocks such as
Basalt,
Andesite,
Tuff,
Agglomerate, 10% of them are in
drainage area where sandy,
pebbly and clayey levels of old
lake beds are present, 5% of
them are opened in rocks such as
Granite, Diabase, Serpentine
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Perforated Formations, Well Depths and Perforation Prices
When depth data of 2640 water
drilling wells opened in 73 cities by
various foundations and institutions
between 1998 and 2006 in Turkey are
evaluated, it was concluded that
approximately
14 % of water drilling wells have a depth
< 50m,
37 % of them have a depth of 50-100 m,
15 % of them have 101-149 m depth,
22 % of them have 150-199 m depth,
7 % of them have 200-249 m depth,
2.3 % of them have a depth of 250-299 m,
1.2 % of them have 300-349 m depth,
1.5 % of them have a depth > 350 m
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Perforated Formations, Well Depths and Perforation Prices
When depth data of 2640
water drilling wells opened
in 73 cities by various
foundations and institutions
between 1998 and 2006 in
Turkey are evaluated, it was
concluded
that
approximately 95% of water
drilling wells are 25-250 m
in depth, 5% of them have
250-450 m depth
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The prices of waterwell drillings in Turkey according to
formation hardness (1 m drilling price)
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Water Well Drilling Capacity in Turkey
• Distribution of water drillings
regarding sectors is as in Figure
made
in
Turkey
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As a summary, as it can be seen in Table, The annual drilling demand in
Turkey is 18100 wells and is approximately 1705000 meters. 12.4% of
these drillings are made by public institutions and 87.6% of them are
made by private sector institutions
* The number of machines in private drilling companies is given according to questionnaire since reliable data are not found.
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Results
• 95% of municipalities in Turkey meet the drinking
water need from ground waters being 60% from
drilling wells and
35% from source (70% of
population in Turkey, i.e. 49 million people) and 5%
of them meet their need by treating surface waters
(30% of population in Turkey, i.e. 21 million people).
98% of villages meet their drinking water need from
ground waters. 85% of them provide from source,
13% of them from drilling wells, 2% of them from
streams, dams, lakes and ponds.
• In Turkey, 20.9% of irrigation water need is met
from ground waters and 79.1% of it is met from
surface waters.
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Results
• The annual water drilling demand in
Turkey
is
18100
wells
and
is
approximately 1705 000 meters. 12.4% of
these drillings are made by public
institutions and 87.6% of them are made
by private sector institutions.
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Results
Most of the materials used in water well
drilling studies are imported from abroad.
Local manufacturing studies do not
excess atelier’s level and is not accepted
as an engineer’s work or manufactured
materials are not attractive for users
because of not being produced in
adequate quality.
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Groundwater’s Problems and solves
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH
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