Transcript Lecture 14 File

Politics of the Middle East
Turkey
Turkey
History
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Ottoman Empire emerged 13th C
Peaked 15th 17th C, Suleiman the Magnificent
Siege of Vienna 1683, Great Turkish War 1699
Ottoman Decline
Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922)
Kemal Ataturk the establishment the
modern Republic of Turkey in 1923
• Treaty of Lausanne 24 July 1923
• Turkish Republic 29 October 1923
• population exchange, 1.1 million Greeks left
Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000
Muslims
• WWII February 1945
• 1952 NATO Member
• 1960, 1971, 1980 Military Coupe
• 1974 Invasion of Cyprus
• 1984 PKK insurgency campaign
• 2013 Protests, Gezi Park
People
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76,667,864 (18th)
70–75% Turks, 18% Kurds, 7–12% others
26% under the age of 14
99% Muslim, Sunni Majority
10-15 Million Alevis
85% Turkish speaking, 12% Kurdish
1 Million Syrian Refugees
Economy
• GDP $1.512 trillion (17th)
• Per Capita $19,556 (61st)
• The public debt to GDP ratio peaked at 75.9%
during the recession of 2001, falling to an
estimated 26.9% by 2013
• from 2002 to 2007 averaged 6.8% growth
annually
Government
• Unitary Parliamentary Constitutional Republic
• Universal suffrage 1933
• President elected for 5 yr terms, extensive
reserve powers.
• Prime Minister elected by parliament
• Grand National Assembly 550 seats elected to
4 yr terms
• Kemalism, Islamism
Kurds
• 10 – 25% of the
population
• PKK 1984 – 2013
• National Autonomy
• Maoist – Leninist
doctrine
• ISIS, Kobani
Foreign Relations
• Founding Member of the
UN 1945
• 1963 EEC, 1995 EU
Customs Unions, 2005
negotiations for full
membership
• 2nd Largest standing army
in NATO: 495,000
• Cold War, Cuban Missile
Crisis
• Greece and the Aegean
Regional Power
• Zero problems towards neighbours;
• Proactive and pre-emptive peace diplomacy:
facilitating regional reconciliation processes;
• Multi-dimensional foreign policy: diversifying
Turkey's alliances to avoid dependence on any
actor. NATO and the EU remain the elements of
continuity;
• Rhythmic diplomacy: participating in all
important global issues and international
organisations.