Transcript Cell Processes - Madison County School District

Cell Processes
Cell Transport
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Cell Cycle
Exchange with the Environment
• Diffusion- the movement of particles
from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration
• Osmosis- the diffusion of water
across a cell membrane
No energy required
Cell in Action
• Passive transport- the diffusion of particles
through proteins in the cell membrane from
areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration- no energy
• Active transport- the movement of particles
through proteins in the cell membrane
against the direction of diffusion
• ---requires cells to use energy(active transport)
Cell in Action
• Endocytosis -the process in which a cell
membrane surrounds a particle and
encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into
the cell
• Exocytosis- the process used to remove
large particles from a cell; a vesicle
containing the particles fuses with the
cell
Cell Energy
• Photosynthesis- the process by
which plants capture light energy
from the sun and convert it into
sugar
• Cellular respiration- the process of
producing ATP from oxygen and
glucose; releases carbon dioxide as a
waste product
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
• http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagra
ms/photosynthesis/photosynthesis.html
• http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams
/photosynthesis/photosynthesis_game.html
Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation.
The overall balanced equation is...
6CO2 + 6H2O ---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Sunlight energy
Where: CO2 = carbon dioxide
H2O = water
Light energy is required
C6H12O6 = glucose
O2 = oxygen
Learn these formulas
Photosynthesis: transforms light energy
to chemical energy stored in the bonds of
sugar-occurs in chloroplast
oUses carbon dioxide and water
oProduces oxygen and glucose
oOpposite of cellular respiration
occurs in mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Equation
ATP
heat
ATP
ATP
• The molecule that
supplies energy to
fuel the activities of
the cell
• Formed during cellular
respiration in the
mitochondria
• Adenosine triphosphate
ATP
Glucose
• Is a carbohydrate-a form
of sugar
• Product of photosynthesis
• C6H12O6
• The energy in glucose isused by plant’s cells
• Some glucose may be
stored in the form of
other carbohydrates or
lipids
• Used as raw
material(reactant ) in
cellular respiration
Light Energy
Cellular
Heat
ATP
Fermentation
• Fermentation is the breakdown of sugars
to make ATP in the absence of oxygen
All organisms must break down food
molecules in order to release the stored
energy. When this is done without oxygen – it
is called FERMENTATION
Anerobic= without oxygen
2 types of fermentation
• 1- Your muscles need energy faster than your
body can provide oxygen to your cells to produce
ATP by cellular respiration--• Fermentation produces lactic acid---and muscle
fatigue
• Result: small amount of ATP because glucose is only
partially broken down
• 2- fermentation that occurs in some bacteria and
fungi
• Ex. Yeast can make carbon dioxide and alcohol
during fermentation of sugar.
Cell Cycle
• The life cycle of the cell
• In eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) it
consists of 3 parts
• 1-Interphase: cell growth and
chromosome duplication
• 2- Mitosis (PMAT)
• 3- Cytokinesis
C
E
L
L
C
Y
C
L
E
Chromosome
• Coiled structure of DNA and protein that
forms in the cell nucleus during cell division
• Humans have 46 chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
• Chromosomes with matching or similar
information
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous
chromosomes
• Potatoes have 24 pairs of homologous
chromosomes
• An organism’s number of chromosomes has
nothing to do with its complexity
Binary Fission
• The simple cell division in which one cell splits
into two
• Used by bacteria
Chromatids
• Identical copies of
a chromosome
• After each
chromosome is
duplicated(copied)
- the 2 copies are
called
CHROMATIDS
Centromere
• The region that
holds chromatids
together when a
chromosome is
duplicated(copied)
Mitosis
• Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which
each cell receives a copy of the original
chromosomes
• Mitosis makes sure each new cell receives a
copy of each chromosome
• Consists of 4 phases- PMAT
• Prophase, Metaphase,Anaphase and
Telophase
• Second stage of cell cycle
Cytokinesis
• The process in which cytoplasm divides after
mitosis
• Animal cells-The cell membrane pinches in to
form a groove—eventually pinching ALL the
way through the cell
• 2 daughter cells formed
• ***Plant cells: Have a cell wall- these cells
must first form a cell plate –in the middle of
the cell-this becomes the cell membrane- then
new cell wall formed
Cytokinesis