Transcript Periodic_Tendancies

The Periodic Table
• A map of the building block of matter.
1
1
IA
1
H
Periodic Table
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
1.00797
2
3
Li
4
5
Be
B
6.939 9.0122
3
4
5
6
7
11
Na
12
Mg
22.9898 24.305
19
20
K
Ca
3
IIIB
21
Sc
4
IVB
22
Ti
5
VB
23
V
6
VIB
24
Cr
7
VIIB
25
Mn
Rb
Sr
Mo
Tc
85.47
55
87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94
56
57
72
73
74
[99]
75
Ba
7
N
8
O
9
F
He
4.0026
10
Ne
10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179
8
26
Fe
9
VIIIB
27
Co
10
28
Ni
39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Cs
6
C
18
VIIIA
2
Y
La
Zr
Hf
Nb
Ta
W
Re
132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2
87
88
89
104
105
106
107
Fr
Ra
Ac
Ku
[223]
[226]
[227]
[260]
Ru
Rh
Pd
11
IB
29
12
IIB
30
Cu
Zn
63.54
47
65.37
48
Ag
Cd
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ga
Ge
65.37
49
72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80
50
51
52
53
54
In
Sn
As
Sb
Se
Te
Br
I
Kr
Xe
101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Os
190.2
108
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] [210] [222]
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Periodic Law
• Periodic Law:
–Physical and chemical
properties of the elements
repeat in a regular pattern
when they are arranged in
order of increasing atomic
number.
Families or Groups & Periods
• Families or groups go down columns of the periodic
table.
• There are 18 columns that have similar characteristics
and they have the following names.
1 – alkaline earth metals
15 – nitrogen group
2 – alkali metals
16 – chalcogens
3-12 – transition metals
17 – halogens
13 – boron group
18 – noble gases
14 – carbon group
• Periods go across the periodic table.
Directions of trends
Increase Across – Decrease Down
Electronegativity
• Ability to attract
electrons
• Most electronegative
atoms are in upper
right corner of
periodic table
(fluorine)
• That’s why atoms on
the right gain
electrons; they pull
electrons from the
metals on the left.
Ionization Energy
• Energy required to
remove an electron
from an atom
• The nucleus’s hold on
its valence electrons
Direction of trends increase-down a
group & decrease across a period
Atomic Radius
Melting & Boiling Points
• Refers to size of an atom
• As you move across the
period, the attraction
between valence electrons
and the nucleus is
stronger; resulting in
smaller size
• Temperature required to
melt or boil an element.
• Metals increase as you go
down a group; decrease
across a period.
• Nonmetals decrease down
a group and increase
across a period.
Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement
1
IA
1
• Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs.
nonmetals
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
18
VIIIA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
Metals
10
11
IB
12
IIB
Nonmetals
Reading the Periodic Table: Classification
Across the Periodic Table
Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table
(rows 1-7)
1
IA
1
These elements have the same number of valence shells.
2
IIA
13
IIIA
2nd Period
2
3
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
4
5
6th Period
6
7
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
14
IVA
18
VIIIA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
Down the Periodic Table
•Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table
(columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)
•These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most
shells, the valence shell.
1
IA
1
18
VIIIA
Alkali Family:
1 e- in the valence shell
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
2
3
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
4
5
6
7
Halogen Family:
7 e- in the valence shell
17
VIIA
Infamous Families of the Periodic
Table
1
IA
1
• Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important
members:
Halogen
Alkali
Noble Gas
Alkaline
Chalcogens
18
(earth)
VIIIA
2
IIA
13
IIIA
Transition Metals
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
Important members - the Elements
1
IA
1
H
2
Li
3
4
5
6
7
• Individual members of selected Elements & their
2 characteristics
13
14
15
IIA
Na Mg
K
Ca
IIIA
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
Fe
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
Cu Zn
Ag
IVA
VA
18
VIIIA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
C
N
O
F
Al Si
P
S
Cl
Br
I
He
Periodic Table: Electron Behavior
• The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of the electrons
1
IA
1
----------
---------------
-----------------
METALS
Alkali
Alkaline
Transition
These elements
tend to give up
e- and form
CATIONS
METALLOID
NON-METALS
Noble gas
Halogens
Chalcogens
These elements
tend to accept
e- and form
ANIONS
These elements
will give up e- or
accept e-
2
IIA
13
IIIA
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
14
IVA
18
VIIIA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
•Atomic Radius:
Trend in Atomic Radius
•The size of an atom is
decreases as you move across a
period and increases as you
move down a family.
Trend in Ionization Potential
Ionization potential:
The energy required to remove the valence electron from
an atom. It is greatest in the upper right corner of the
periodic table because these atoms hold on to their valence
e- the tightest.
Trend in Electron Affinity
Electron Affinity:
The energy released
when an electron is
added to an atom. It
is greatest in the
upper right corner of
the periodic table as
these atoms have the
greatest affinity for
electrons.
Summary of Trends
1. Electron Configuration
2. Atomic Radius
3. Ionization Energy
4. Electron Affinity