Transcript Domain II - Mr. Curtis' Biology Site

Domain II
Organisms
EOCT Review pages 5-7
1
• ATP is a nucleotide.
• It is used as a source of energy in the cell.
2
• ATP releases energy as bonds are broken.
• A–P–P–P
This bond is broken
• A–P–P + P
This is ADP…which is a
lower energy molecule
than ATP.
3
• Cell use energy for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Respiration
Photosynthesis (in plants)
Digestion (in animals)
Reproduction (meiosis)
Active transport
Growth and repair (mitosis)
4
Process
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Organelle where it
occurs
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm and
Mitochondria
CO2 + H20 + LIGHT
What is needed?
CO2, H20, LIGHT
Sugar (glucose)
and Oxygen
What is produced?
Sugar (glucose)
and Oxygen
CO2, H20, 36 ATP
Sugar (glucose)
+ Oxygen
5
• PLANTAE!!!!!
• And…Some bacteria and some protists.
6
• Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen
CO2 + H20
+ 36 ATP
7
• All eukaryotic kingdoms perform respiration:
– Plantae
– Protista
– Animalia
– Fungi
8
• Autotroph; Producer
9
• Heterotroph; Consumer
10
• Fermentation is a process that occurs when
there is not enough oxygen to run steps 2
(Krebs cycle)and 3 (Electron transport chain)
of cell respiration.
• It happens in the cytoplasm.
11
• The glucose is broken in half during step 1 of
cell respiration (glycolysis) to form two
pyruvate molecules.
• The pyruvate is changed into lactic acid, which
allows glycolysis to happen again.
• You feel the lactic acid build up as a burning
sensation in your muscles.
12
• Taxonomy is the scientific study of classifying
organisms into groups based on
characteristics.
13
• Homo sapiens
• Homo = genus name
• sapiens = species name.
14
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
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• A taxon (pl. taxa) is a level of classification.
– K, P, C, O, F, G, and S are taxa.
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•
•
•
•
•
Similar DNA sequences (biochemistry)
Physical similarities
Geographic distribution
Chromosome comparisons
Breeding behavior
17
• It allows for an orderly study and makes
comparisons between organisms possible.
18
• Evolutionary relationships are another way to
determine how closely two species are
related.
19
• Old bacterial kingdom = Monera
• Scientists realized that some bacteria were as
different from other bacteria as plants are
from animals.
– So, they needed to be in different kingdoms.
• Thus, the birth of kingdoms Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria
20
• A tool used to determine the identity of an
organism based on physical characteristics.
21
• A = house fly
• B = Grasshopper
• C = Ladybug
• D = dragonfly
22
• A cladogram is a diagram showing
evolutionary relationships and history
between organisms.
23
• A.) Mosses
• Technically it is the green algae ancestor, but of the clades
listed, Mosses are the oldest.
• B.) Ferns, Cone-bearing plants and Flowering
plants
• C.) Cone-bearing plants and flowering plants
• D.) Flowering plants
19…don’t know why it is numbered
19….accept it and move on.
Characteristic Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Type
PRO
PRO
EU
EU
EU
EU
# of cells
1
1
1+
Some
1+,
most
multi
Multi
multi
Nucleus
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
FOOD?
Some auto/
some hetero
Some
auto/
some
hetero
Some auto/ Hetero
some hetero
Auto
Hetero
Cell wall?
YES
YES
Some
YES
YES
NO
Photosyn?
NO
A few
A few
NO
YES
NO
Ex:
Thermophiles -E. Coli
Methanogens -Staph
-Strep
Plants
Animals
Euglena
-Mold
Amoeba
- Yeast
Paramecium
24
• Binary fission is an asexual method of
reproduction that occurs in bacteria. It is very
similar to mitosis:
– 1.) The bacterial DNA is copied.
– 2.) The copied DNA moves to opposite sides of
the cell.
– 3.) The cell splits in half forming two identical
cells.
25
• Decomposers return nutrients into the soil
(and atmosphere in the case of carbon (CO2)
allowing the cycle to continue.
26
• Viruses are considered non-living because:
– 1.) They cannot reproduce on their own. (They
need a host).
– 2.) They are not made of cells.
– They are essentially a bag made of protein with DNA or RNA in
the bag.
27
This is a
BACTERIOPHAGE.
(A virus that infects bacteria)
Pay special attention to the CAPSID and the
DNA. These are the two most important
parts for you to know!!!
28
• In the lytic cycle, the
virus:
– 1.) completely takes over
the cell
– 2.) uses the cell’s
organelles to make new
viruses
– 3.) causes the cell to
explode, releasing the
new viruses.
These are very fastacting viruses.
• In the lysogenic cycle,
the virus:
– 1.) hides its DNA in the
host cell DNA.
– 2.) reproduces only as
fast as the host cell goes
through mitosis.
– 3.) may lie hidden for
years before the person
shows any symptoms.
These tend to be
slow-acting viruses.
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• A very basic explanation:
– 1.) The virus enters the host cell.
– 2.) The virus is copied within the cell.
• Either by
– taking over the cell (lytic cycle) or
– by being copied as the host cell divides (lysogenic cycle)
– 3.) The new viruses leave the cell to infect other
cells.