Transcript You Asked for it….. - Brownsville Independent School

Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function
B.4 The student knows that Cells are the basic
structures of all living things with specialized parts
that perform specific functions and that viruses are
different from cells.
(A) Compare and Contrast
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
ORGANIZATION OF ORGANISMS
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Give examples of each type.
CELLS
A cell is the basic unit of life.
All living organisms are composed of cells.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cells contain hereditary information which is passed
on during cell division
Cells have similar chemical composition.
Energy flows within the cell (metabolism).
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
• Plant vs. Animal Cells
PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotes are unicellular
organisms, found in all
environments and are the
largest group of
organisms, mostly due to
the vast array of bacteria
which comprise the bulk of
the prokaryote
classification.
Characteristics:
• No nuclear membrane (genetic
material dispersed throughout
cytoplasm)
• No membrane-bound
organelles
• Simple internal structure
• Most primitive type of cell
Examples:
• Staphylococcus
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
PROKARYOTES
Structure and Function of parts:
A. F
B. Cell M
C. Cell W
D. C
E. N
F. C
G. R
Source: Organism, McGraw Hill
H. P
EUKARYOTES
Eukaryotes are generally more
advanced than prokaryotes.
Members of the kingdoms
Protista, Fungi, Plantae
(plants) and Animalia
(animals) all have
eukaryotic.
Characteristics:
•Nuclear membrane
surrounding genetic material
•Numerous membrane-bound
organelles
•Complex internal structure
Examples:
•Paramecium
•Multi-cellular organism cells
EUKARYOTES - ANIMAL
Source: Animal Cell, Nancy Kellogg
Structure and Function of Parts:
A. G
A
B. N
C. N
M
D. M
E. V
F. Cell M
G. Smooth E
R
H. N
I. R
J. Rough E
R
K. C
L. L
EUKARYOTES - PLANT
Source: Plant Cell, Carol Allen, Franklin Public Schools
Structure and Functions of parts:
A. N
B. N
C. N
M
D. R
ER
E. S
ER
F. V
G. C
M
H. C
W
I. C
J. M
K. C
L. G
A
M. R
EUKARYOTES VS. PROKARYOTES
What is the major difference
between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
PLANTS VS. ANIMALS
What are the major differences between an animal cell and a
plant cell?
COMPARING TYPES OF CELLS
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleoid Region
Nucleolus
Pili
Ribosomes
PARTS OF A CELL
Cell Membrane - forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows
only certain materials to move into or out of the cell
Cytoplasm - a gel-like material inside the cell; it contains water
and nutrients for the cell
Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell; it contains chromosomes
with the DNA
Nuclear Membrane - separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Chloroplasts: Use sunlight to create food by photosynthesis
PARTS OF A CELL
Endoplasmic Reticulum - moves materials around in the cell
Ribosomes - make protein for the cell
Golgi Bodies - are used for packaging and secreting of energy
Mitochondria - break down food and release energy to the cell
Lysosomes - are chemicals used to digest waste
Vacuoles - are storage areas for the cell
Cell Wall: for support
Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function
B.4 The student knows that Cells are the basic
structures of all living things with specialized parts
that perform specific functions and that viruses are
different from cells.
(B) Investigate and explain cellular processes,
including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport
of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
Plasma membrane controls homeostasis (balance)
Structure – composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins “gates”
Function – acts as a selectively permeable boundary around the
cell
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/739/flashcards/689739/jpg/negative_feedback_loop1316032459185.jpg
Types of Passive Transport – no energy required
1) Diffusion – moves substances from high to low
concentrations down their concentration gradient
2) Osmosis – the diffusion of water from high to lower water
concentrations down its concentration gradient
Ex) cell in salt water – shrivels
Ex) cell in fresh water swells
3) Facilitated diffusion – movement of a substance down its
concentration through a transport protein channel
Active Transport – requires energy – moves substances
against the concentration gradient from low to high
concentrations
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The process used by producers to convert sunlight to chemical
energy in glucose
Overall equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Occurs in the palisade layer of leaves (yellow layer under the
upper epidermis)
Large numbers of chloroplasts are found in these mesophyll cells.
Chloroplasts are the cellular site of photosynthesis. The light
reaction of photosynthesis occurs on the inner membrane called
the thylakoid. The dark reaction (aka Calvin Cycle) occurs in the
stroma
Pigments absorb light energy
Chlorophyll / carotenoids
Light Reaction
Dark Reaction
Input
light, water
ATP, CO2
NADPH
Output
O2, ATP
NADPH
GLUCOSE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down
food to release its energy. This energy is then stored in ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate)
Three parts to ATP
1) adenine (Nbase)
2) ribose (5-C sugar)
3) 3 phosphates (high energy)
ATP/ADP cycle – when energy is needed for cell work ATP loses a
phosphate to become ADP
Overall equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
O2 required
no O2 required
most organisms are aerobes
few anaerobes
(yeast/bacteria)
38 ATP
2 ATP
3 steps
2 steps
1. glycolysis
1. glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
2. fermentation
3. electron transport
(alcoholic and lactic acid)
Glycolysis is the first step of both forms of respiration and occurs in
the cytoplasm
If no oxygen is present after glycolysis, then fermentation occurs
If oxygen is present, then the Krebs cycle and e-transport occur in
the mitochondria
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/800px-CellRespiration.svg.png
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_tgJcOkqg6ZM/TMX997ESh0I/AAAAAAAAABQ/hGFh15EL-88/s1600/KrebsCycle.png
http://www.personal.psu.edu/smh5089/blogs/henning/chemios_il.jpg
Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function
B.4 The student knows that cells are the basic
structures of all living things with specialized parts
that perform specific functions and that viruses are
different from cells.
(C) Compare the structures of viruses to cells,
describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases such as human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza
VIRUSES
A virus is a nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and
sometimes lipids.
Viruses are not-living because they do not have the ability to
reproduce on their own. They must be inside a host cell in
order to reproduce.
Viruses differ widely in terms of size and structure. Most viruses
are so small they can be seen only with the aid of a powerful
electron microscope.
Source: Flu Virus, Lenny Stoute, Digital Journal
Source: Bacteriaphage, Texas A&M University
VIRUSES VS. EUKARYOTES
DNA/RNA
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Capsid
LYTIC CYCLE OF VIRUSES
Most viruses reproduce through a process called lytic infection.
During lytic infection a virus enters the host cell, makes a copy of
itself, and causes the cell to burst, or lyse.
LYSOGENIC INFECTION
• A lysogenic virus does not cause the cell wall to burst right
away.
• Instead, a lysogenic virus is inactive for a period of time.
• In lysogenic infection, the viral nucleic acid is inserted into
the host's DNA, where it is copied along with the host DNA.
• Virus DNA multiplies as the host cells multiply.
• Each new daughter cells created are infected with the virus.
• Virus DNA that becomes embedded in the host's DNA is
called a prophage.
• The prophage may remain part of the DNA of the host cell
for many generations.
Influences from the environment such as radiation, heat,
and certain chemicals trigger the prophage to become
active.
It then removes itself from the host DNA and enters the
lytic cycle.
BACTERIA VS. VIRUSES
• Bacteria are minute life
forms which can cause
infections in humans.
• Bacteria have the ability to
adapt quickly to their
surroundings.
• Their goal is to survive and
multiply.
• This ability to adapt to their
surroundings is the basis of
antibiotic resistance.
• Surviving contact with that
antibiotic allows the bacteria
to resist it in future contacts.
• A virus is an infectious agent,
smaller than bacteria, which
requires the cells of a living
organism to grow or
reproduce.
• Viruses cause a variety of
infectious diseases, among
them the common cold,
diarrhea, chicken pox, yellow
fever, most childhood
respiratory diseases and the
majority of infections of the
upper respiratory passages.
In animal cells like the one shown below,
which organelle is used for storing water?
Some bacteria in ground beef can cause
illness when consumed. Based on the
information in the label below, these bacteria
can survive and rapidly multiply only -
The photograph below shows a virus attacking a
human T cell (immune cell).
Which disease could result if many T cells are
destroyed in this manner?