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Chapter 3
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
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Objectives
Content
• Explain four ways cells exchange materials with their
environments. Diffusion, Osmosis, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Language
•Compare and contrast Diffusion with Osmosis, and
Endocytosis with Exocytosis
Chapter 3
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
What Is Diffusion?
• Diffusion is the movement of particles from
regions of higher concentration to regions of
lower consecration .
• Osmosis The diffusion of water through cell
membranes
Chapter 3
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
•Diffusion allows materials to move in and out of the
cell naturally.
•Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion.
•Water is the molecule moving
•Must travel over a membrane
Cells are made mostly of fluid that are water based
Chapter 3
Outside Activity
Section 1
Chapter 3
Moving Small Particles
Exchange with the Environment
• Passive Transport The movement of particles
across a cell membrane without the use of energy by
the cell is called passive transport.
• Active Transport A process of transporting
particles that requires the cell to use energy is called
active transport.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 3
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Moving Large Particles
• Endocytosis The active-transport process by which
a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses the
particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell is
called endocytosis.
• Exocytosis The process in which a cell releases a
particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then
moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell
membrane is called exocytosis.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 3
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell
• The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed and
ends when the cell divides and forms new cells.
• Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its
DNA which is organized into structures called
chromosomes.
Chapter 3
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell, continued
• Making More Prokaryotic Cells Cell division in
bacteria is called binary fission, which means
“splitting into two parts.”
• Bacteria have a single circular DNA molecule
(chromosome). Binary fission results in two cells that
each contain one copy of the circle of DNA.
Chapter 3
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell, continued
•Eukaryotic Cells and Their DNA The chromosomes
of eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than those of
prokaryotic cells.
•In a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are found in the
nucleus and are made of DNA and protein.
• Pairs of similar chromosomes are called homologous
chromosomes.
Chapter 3
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell, continued
Making More Eukaryotic Cells
The cell cycle has three stages:
1. Interphase: The cell grows and copies its
chromosomes. The two copies are now called
chromatids.
2. Mitosis: The chromatids separate.
3. Cytokinesis: The cell splits into two identical
cells.
Chapter 3
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
• Mitosis has four phases:
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
Cell Cycle:
Interphase  Mitosis  Cytokinesis
Chapter 3
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle, continued
• Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm.
• In animal cells and other eukaryotes that do not have
cell walls, division of the cytoplasm begins at the cell
membrane.
• In plant cells and in other eukaryotes with cell walls,
a cell plate forms and the cell splits into two cells.
Chapter 3
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Energy
From Sun to Cell
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants,
algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to make food.
• Chloroplast Plant cells have organelles that
absorb light energy. pigments. Chlorophyll, the main
pigment used in photosynthesis, gives plants their
green color.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Energy
Getting Energy from Food
• Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration,
food (such as glucose) is broken down into carbon
dioxide and water, and energy is released.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Energy
Getting Energy from Food, continued
• Connection Between Photosynthesis and
Respiration During photosynthesis, cells take in
carbon dioxide and release oxygen. During cellular
respiration, cells use oxygen to break down glucose
and release energy and carbon dioxide.
• Fermentation When muscles can’t get the oxygen
for cellular respiration, they use fermentation to get
energy. Fermentation is the breakdown of food
without the use of oxygen.
Chapter 3