Transcript ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS

1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE
UP OF CELLS
• Write the three parts of the cell theory:
– 1. The cell is the basic unit of life
– 2. All organisms are made up of one
or more cells
– 3. All cells come from existing cells
2. Cells
• How does a cell obtain energy and raw
materials (pg 92)?
– Endocytosis
• How does a cell get rid of wastes (pg 93)?
– Exocytosis
• What surrounds the cell and enables the
exchanges to take place?
– Cell membrane
3. ALL LIVING THINGS MAKE
ENERGY. IN ORDER TO DO
THIS IT MUST MOVE
CHEMICALS INTO THE CELL
AND MOVE WASTES OUT OF
THE CELL.
• Passive transport processes:
– Diffusion and Osmosis
• Active transport processes:
– Endocytosis and Exocytosis
4. Diffusion
• Write the definition of diffusion.
– The movement of particles from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration
• Write a definition of osmosis.
– The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
• What does the word concentration have to do
with diffusion?
– Particles move from crowded areas (highly
concentrated) to less crowded areas (low
concentration)
5. Draw an illustration of
Diffusion
The particles of the dye (a high concentration of dye)
slowly mix with the gelatin (a low concentration of
dye) by the process of diffusion.
6. Osmosis
Review:
• What is a molecule (pg 44)?
– A substance made when 2 or more atoms
combine
• What is a semi-permeable membrane (pg 91)?
– A membrane that only allows certain substances
to pass in or out
• What does equilibrium mean (refer to the article
we read in class)?
– In balance
• True or False: Cells must keep water and
concentration of particles in balance
(equilibrium) to remain healthy. TRUE
7. Passive Transport
• Write the definition of passive transport.
– Movement of substances across a cell
membrane without the use of energy by the cell
• Particles move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Examples:
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
8. Draw an illustration of Passive
Transport across a cell membrane
In passive transport, particles travel through proteins
from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration. NO ENERGY IS USED.
9. Active Transport
• Write a definition of active transport.
– The movement of substances across the cell
membrane that requires the cell to use energy.
• Usually this process involves the movement of
particles from an area of low concentration to
an area of high concentration.
• Examples:
– Endocytosis
– Exocytosis
10. Draw an Illustration of Active
Transport across a cell membrane
In active transport, cells use energy to move particles
through proteins from areas of lower concentratin to
areas of higher concentration. ENERGY IS NEEDED.
11. Endocytosis
requires ENERGY
(Trick: Endo = INTO)
• Write the definition of endocytosis.
– The process by which a cell membrane
surrounds a particle and encloses the particle
in a vesicle to bring the particle INTO the cell
• Is endocytosis a passive transport process
or an active transport process?
– It is an ACTIVE TRANSPORT process
12. Illustrate the three steps of
ENDOCYTOSIS
(Each step needs a caption explaining what is happening)
13. Exocytosis
requires ENERGY
(Trick: Exo = EXIT)
• Write the definition of exocytosis.
– A vesicle forms around a large particle within the
cell and carries the particle to the cell membrane.
The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and
RELEASES the particle to the outside of the cell
• Is exocytosis a passive transport process or an
active transport process?
– It is an ACTIVE TRANSPORT process
14.Illustrate the three steps of
EXOCYTOSIS
(Each step needs a caption explaining what is happening)
15. ALL LIVING THINGS USE
ENERGY
• All cells need energy to live, grow and develop,
respond to changes, and reproduce.
• Plant cells capture energy from the sun.
• Animal cells get energy from food.
– Animal cells get energy from their food in two different ways:
cellular respiration (2 words) and fermentation.
• Define each of these processes:
– Photosynthesis – the process by which plants, algae, and
some bacteria use sunlight, CO2, and H2O to make food
– Cellular respiration – the process by which cells use O2 to
get energy from food
– Fermentation - the process by which cells get energy
from food without the use of O2
17. Photosynthesis
Makes FOOD
• Plant cells capture energy from the sun
and change it into food.
• The food that plants make supplies them
with energy.
• Write a definition of chlorophyll.
– The main pigment found in chloroplasts that is
used in photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll gives plants their green color.
• Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts.
18. Photosynthesis
Makes FOOD
• Write the chemical equation (pg 94) for
photosynthesis. Under each component draw
an illustration to help you remember this
equation.
6CO2 + 6H20 + Light Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon
Dioxide
Water
+
Glucose
+

Oxygen
+
19.Cellular Respiration
Makes ENERGY
• Most complex organisms obtain energy
through cellular respiration.
• During cellular respiration, food (such as
glucose) is broken down into CO2 and H2O, and
energy is released.
• In animals, most of the energy released helps
maintain body temperature.
• Some of the energy is used to form ATP
(energy that fuels cell activities).
20. Cellular Respiration
Makes ENERGY
• Write the chemical equation for cellular
respiration (pg 95). Under each component
draw an illustration to help you remember the
equation.
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)
Glucose
Oxygen
+
Carbon
Dioxide

Water
+
+
21. The CONNECTION between
Photosynthesis &
Cellular Respiration
• Photosynthesis transforms energy from the sun
into glucose. During photosynthesis, cells use
CO2 to make glucose, and the cells release O2.
• During cellular respiration, cells use O2 to break
down glucose and release energy and CO2.
• Each process makes the materials that are
needed for the other process to occur
elsewhere.
22. Fermentation
Makes ENERGY
• Write the definition of fermentation.
– The breakdown of food without the use of oxygen
• One kind of fermentation happens in your
muscles and produces lactic acid.
• The buildup of lactic acid contributes to muscle fatigue and
causes a burning sensation.
• This kind of fermentation also happens in the muscle cells of
other animals and in some fungi and bacteria.
• Another type of fermentation occurs in some
types of bacteria and yeast.
23. ALL LIVING THINGS GROW AND
DEVELOP,REPRODUCE, AND HAVE
DNA
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• Write a definition of the cell cycle.
– The life cycle of a cell
– The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed.
– Then cell cycle ends when the cell divides.
• Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its
DNA (hereditary material that controls all cell
activities, including the making of new cells).
• Copying chromosomes ensures that each new
cell will be an exact copy of its parent cell.
24. Cell Division in Prokaryotes
• Write a definition of prokaryotic cell (review).
– A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Draw an illustration of a typical prokaryotic cell (review).
• What is an example of a prokaryote (review)?
– Bacteria or Archaea
• What does binary fission mean (pg 98).
– Splitting into 2 parts
• Binary fission results in two cells that each contain one copy of the circle of
the circle of DNA.
25. Illustrate Binary Fission (p 98)
Include a caption.
Prokaryotic cells reproduce by the process of binary
fission. In this process, the circle of DNA is copied and
then the cell splits into two cells.
26. ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE DNA
Eukaryotic Cells and DNA
• The chromosomes in eukaryotic cells contain
more DNA than prokaryotic cells do.
• The number of chromosomes depends on the
organism.
– Example: Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes,
potatoes have 48 chromosomes, and humans
have 46 chromosomes.
• In eukaryotes, does having more chromosomes
mean you are a more complex organism? NO
27. Illustrate the human chromosome
(You must show all 23 pairs of chromosomes)
28. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
• There are three stages in the eukaryotic cell
cycle:
– Interphase - the cell grows and copies its
organelles and chromosomes.
– Mitosis - a process of cell division that forms two
new nuclei, each of which has the same number of
chromosomes.
– Cytokinesis - the cytoplasm begins to divide and
two identical cells are formed.
29. The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
30. RECAP – Putting it all together
List the six characteristics of life and at least one cell
process/cell feature related to the characteristic.
1. Living things are made of one or more cells
Ex: Cell theory
2. Living things have DNA
Ex: ALL cells have chromosomes made of DNA
3. Living things need and use energy
Ex: Active transport (endocytosis) brings food into the
cell
4. Living things grow and develop
Ex: The cell cycle (the cell is formed, grows, and divides)
5. Living things reproduce
Ex: binary fission (prokaryotic cells) or mitosis
(eukaryotic cells)
6. Living things sense and respond to change
Ex: The cell allows materials to move in and out
31. RECAP – Putting it all together
• If all the plants in the world were destroyed,
what do you think would happen to the rest of
the living things and why?
– Other living things would die. Plants capture energy
from the sun to make food. This food also becomes
the source of energy for the organisms that eat
plants. The meat of those organisms becomes the
source of food for meat-eaters. Without plants
(which are the only organisms that can capture the
sun’s energy and convert it into food) everything
else would die.
32. REVIEW
Name the five building blocks of the cell. Beside the
building blocks list any cell part or cell process that
depends on this chemical.
1. Proteins – used in the cell membrane for passive and
active transport
2. Lipids – the cell membrane is made of phospholipids
3. ATP – produced by cellular respiration and
fermentation in the mitochondria
4. Nucleic Acid – DNA in all cells carries genetic
information during cellular reproduction
5. Carbohydrates – photosynthesis makes glucose (a
sugar) which is a carbohydrate. Glucose is then broken
down into energy during cellular respiration or
fermentation.