Transcript BIOLOGY 2311 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PART I LECTURE 1

Isfahan University of Technology (IUT)
Advance physiology
By A. Riasi
Ph.D. in Animal physiology and nutrition
‫‪Outlines‬‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی سلول (فیزیولوژی غشا و اجزای سلول‪ ،‬فعالیت سلول و کنترل آن)‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی سلول های ماهیچه ای و عصب‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق (مقدمه‪ ،‬ساختمان قلب و عروق و کنترل عملکرد آن‪ ،‬منحنی ‪)ECG‬‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق (کنترل کوتاه مدت‪ ،‬متوسط و دراز مدت قلب)‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی دستگاه تنفس (ساختمان و کنترل عملکرد آن‪ ،‬تهویه‪ ،‬دیفیوژن‪ ،‬انتقال اکسیژن در ششها‬
‫و عروق و سلول)‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی کلیه (نفرون ها‪ ،‬فیلتراسیون و باز جذب)‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی کلیه (کنترل ‪ GFR‬و مکانیزم دفع ادرار)‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش (ساختمان دهان‪ ،‬مری‪ ،‬معده‪ ،‬روده کوچک و عملکرد آنها)‬
‫‪ ‬فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش (سیری و گرسنگی)‪ ،‬یافته های جدید علم دستگاه گوارش‪.‬‬
References

Animal Physiology
by: Sherwood et al.

Duck’s Physiology of Domestic Animals by: H. H. Duck’s

Anatomy and Physiology

The Animal Science Journals
by: A. C. Guyton
Cell structure

Cells have the ability to grow, replicate, perform complex
metabolic reaction, and respond to environmental stimuli.

Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells

We need to use the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for studying the cell
structures.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Cell membrane
Cell membrane morphology
Cell membrane morphology
Cytoplasm & cytosol

Cytoplasm is material between plasma membrane and
the nucleus.

Cytoplasmic organelles are metabolic machinery of
the cell.

Cytosol occupying about 55% of the total cell volume.
Cytoplasm & cytosol

Cytosol is the semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that
surround the organelles.

Cytosol is actually more like a highly organized
gelatinous mass with difference in composition and
gelatinous consistency between various regions and
states of the cells.
Cytoplasmic organelles

Specialized cellular compartments

Membranous

Mitochondria,
peroxisomes,
lysosomes,
reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

Nonmembranous

Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes
endoplasmic
Cell’s organelles
Nucleus & Nucleolus

Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin

Gene-containing control center of the cell

Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be
synthesized
Nucleus & Nucleolus
Figure 3.28a
Nuclear envelope

Selectively permeable double membrane barrier
containing pores.

Encloses
jellylike
nucleoplasm,
which
contains
essential solutes.

Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules
into and out of the nucleus.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Endo-membrane System


Plasma membrane
ER

Nuclear membrane

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles
Figure 3.23
Golgi apparatus

Stacked and flattened membranous sacs.

Functions
in
modification,
concentration,
and
packaging of proteins.

Transport vesicles from the ER fuse with the Golgi.

Secretory vesicles leave the Golgi stack and move to
designated parts of the cell.
Role of the Golgi Apparatus
(Shipping department)
Figure 3.21
Lysosomes

Spherical membranous bags containing digestive
enzymes.

Digest ingested bacteria, etc.

Degrade nonfunctional organelles.
Cytoskeleton

The “skeleton” of the cell

Series of rods running through the cytosol

Consists of

Microtubules – hollow tubes

Microfilaments – thin, solid strands of actin

Intermediate filaments – coiled strands of protein
Figure 3.24
Centrioles

Small
barrel-shaped
organelles
located
centrosome near the nucleus

Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

Form the bases of cilia and flagella
in
the
Centrioles
Cilia

Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed
surfaces of certain cells

Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces
Cilia
Cilia
Mitochondria (Power house)

Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae

Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular
respiration

Contain their own DNA and RNA
Mitochondria
Motor Molecules

Protein complexes that function in motility

Powered by ATP

Attach to receptors on organelles
Motor Molecules
Motor Molecules
Figure 3.25b
Motor Molecules