Transcript Unit 3 Synoptic - School

Unit 3 Synoptic
Advice from the exam board
The pre-release phase
• During the prerelease phase the
aim is to become
so familiar with the
resource booklet
that it does not
have to be ‘read’ in
the exam
• Spending time in
the exam reading
and searching for
information will
waste time
Make a glossary of
key terms and
research any new
ideas and themes
Analyse the
‘Views’ and be
prepared to quote
them
Think about
comparisons to
parallel examples
Working
with the
prerelease
Look for synoptic
links to other Unit
3 and Unit 1
topics, and global
themes such as
Climate Change or
the Dev. Gap
Look for evidence
of players, actions
and futures
Do some selective
research using the
websites (and your
own)
Questions
• There will be 3 questions, forming a linked sequence (6a, 6b, 6c)
• Total marks are 40; the tariff for each question will be in the 10-18 range.
Refer to Figures and Views
directly e.g. “Fig 2 shows
that…”
Use examples and ideas
from your whole course,
where relevant
The first question will tend
to ‘set the scene’ or make
you focus on a key issue
Other questions will require
you to assess or evaluate
Being synoptic
• In order to reach the top levels of the Mark Scheme in Section
B, synopticity is required
• Essentially this means going beyond only relying on the
resources printed in the Resource Booklet
• This can be achieved in several different ways:
Wider research
•Facts, figures and ideas from the suggested websites, or your own sources
such as Geography Review or many other sources; remember to state your
source
Parallel examples
•Comparing the situation(s) in the Resource Booklet to others you know of,
briefly, to draw out similarities and differences, or suggest how the situation
might be managed.
Synoptic Links
•Making links to other topics in Unit 3, or other AS / A2 Units; this might
involve bringing in models, theories or examples from elsewhere in your
course
Context themes
•Making links to the three synoptic themes of players, actions and futures, as
well as global themes such as climate change, the development gap,
sustainability etc.
Final points on Section B
• Make sure at least 70 minutes are set aside to
complete Section B
• Write to the mark allocation; a question worth 10
marks does not require an answer 3 sides long; a 16
mark question will need more than ¾ of one side.
• Diagrams and tables are acceptable as part of an
answer; complicated tables and scoring systems are
not anticipated and will tend to take too long to
complete
• Highlight key and command words; for longer
questions a very brief plan may help structure answers
2. Synoptic themes
• Three synoptic themes
run through the Unit 3
specification
• These themes are
referred to directly in the
specification
• It is important to consider
examples and case
studies in the context of
these themes
• The themes will appear
as the focus for some
questions in both Section
A and Section B
Players
• Players focuses on the
organisations, groups
and individuals who
have a role to play
within an issue
• Players might be
thought of as ‘decision
makers’ or
‘stakeholders’
• Players may hold very
different views on an
issue, because they
have different opinions
and values
• It is important students
understand these
different positions and
perspectives
CONSERVATIONISTS –
an area of biodiversity
to be protected from
human activity
INDIVIDUALS– an area to
be enjoyed and
explored; expectation
that facilities and
amenities will be
available
TOURISM
INDUSTRY – an
area for
making profits,
but also
requiring
conservation to
maintain
visitor numbers
LOGGERS – an area of
timber resources that
could be exploited
WATER INDUSTRY – an
important source of
freshwater to supply
homes and industry
Actions
• Actions focuses on both the
scale and standpoint of
actions
• There is a hierarchy of
actions at different scales
• There is often debate over
which scale of management
is best for a particular issue
• Often an issue is managed at
several scales
• Chosen actions are
influenced by players’
standpoints, especially
political and economic beliefs
Global
agreements
and
international
action
National policy and
management
Local governance and
individual actions
Neo-liberal
Socialist
Grassroots
Focus on
commercial
solutions and less
government
influence
Focus on national
planning and
targets, often topdown
Focus on bottomup and
sustainable, small
scale initiatives
International,
market-led
National,
government led
Local, community
led
Futures
•
Futures focuses on the direction the
contested planet should take
• Three future scenarios are
recognised:
Business as usual
Sustainable
Radical
• The first implies humans continue to
behave in similar ways to the past
i.e. high consumption and pollution
• Sustainable futures suggests
stabilising consumption and human
environmental impacts
• Radical implies concerted action to
reverse environmental degradation
• Each of the three futures have very
different consequences and are
supported by different players
• Each approach has very different
costs and benefits
Problems with Helsinki Rules
The upstream nation asserts
its right to use the waters as
it pleases i.e. It has territorial
rights over the river
The country or player with the
most military, economic and
political power wins
Downstream nations demand the
right to receive the same amount
of water as the past , called
Territorial integrity
When the World Bank gives funding
for a dam on a transnational river,
water sharing must be built into
the agreement before approval is
given
Disagreements occur when supplies are scarcer than usual
Parallel examples could include The River Nile and the Colorado
Basin
%
decreas
e 1988 2007
30
35
28
12.5
Figure 5 shows: In all the
countries the amount of total
renewable water available per
capita has gone down between
1988 and 2007
NB very high % (75%)
renewable freshwater
resources used in Pakistan 2002
putting Pakistan at the
borderline of the physical
water scarcity category ( page
37 Edexcel A2 Geography, Byrne
et co)
23
26
16
28.5
31.5
7
23
25.5%
Water resources in the region
show wide variations. Some
countries have ample renewable
water per capita (Figure 5)
whereas others fall well below
the world average
Many countries depend on water sources which originate
outside the country (Figure 6).
Extremely high
Cambodia also
very high
16
28%
31%
7
25.5%
India has 16 per cent of world population but has
only 4 per cent of the world’s available fresh
water.
Only 23% water
secured from inside
boundaries
Water transfer issues
Source area
Drop in dicharge up to
60% due to diversion /
transfer
Increased pollution due to
low discharge.
Salinity increases.
Impact on ecosystems
Climate change
combimnes with lower
river flow leading to water
scarcity
Changing
circumstances
such as
climate change
or economic
development
How could you use
this model to
explain the impact
the Farakka
Barrage on
Bangladesh’s water
supply?
Source : Student Unit
Guide -New e Dunn &
Warndition Page 26
Receiving area
Availability of water supply
leads to greater use
Increased use for
development e.g. Golf
courses, tourism , industry
Promotes unstable
irrigated farming by agribusinesses
E.utrophication, salination
& and ecosystem
destruction
Population pressure
• View 1 ( page 7)
• “The gross per capita water availability in India is projected to decline
from about 1,820 m3/yr in 2001 to as little as 1,140 m3/yr in 2050, as
a result of population growth. Another study indicates that India will
reach a state of water stress before 2025, when the availability is
projected to fall below 1,000 m3 per capita. These changes are due to
climatic and demographic factors. The relative contribution of these
factors is not known.”Climate Change and Water (Technical Paper
of the IPCC, Geneva, 2008)
Some of the countries in the region are
expected to experience significant
increases
in population by 2025 as shown in
Figure 7. In
addition, increasing numbers of people
in many Himalayan countries are
moving to urban areas from the
countryside.
Industrialisation increases water use. Some transnational
companies, such as Coca-Cola in India, have caused controversy
by allegedly using local water supply unsustainably. (page 47,
Byrne and co)
There are a number of threats to
future water supply within the region.
These are likely to intensify in the
future.
Figure 8 shows that within the region,
agriculture is the dominant end use of
most water but this may change over
time. Industrial water demand is rising
in some countries as they move
towards a more industrial and urban
way of life.
Industrialisation increases water use.
Some transnational companies, such
as Coca-Cola in India, have caused
controversy by allegedly using local
water supply unsustainably.
NB: from the examples of the Farakka
Barrage use for the Super Thermal
Power Station and the proposed
Tipaimukh Dam, it is evident that India
is intent on a course of
industrialsiastion.
Urban development also places
pressure on water resources.
India: urban population 2001,= 325 mill ( 61.8 mill living in slums = 20%) rising to 384
mill in 2011 - Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to
31.16% in 2011 Census
Delhi water supply, population - 16 million people in 2008, (16,753235 – 2011) suffers
from a number of problems:
· Old, leaking and inadequate water mains which mean 40% of incoming supply is lost.
· Illegal connections to water mains which siphon off up to 25% of supply and is not
metered or paid for.
· A daily need for around 4275 million litres of water, but a supply of only 3375 million
litres.
· 1000s of unregulated and illegal wells, which have left 75% of groundwater supplies
depleted and water table levels falling by up to 10 metres per year.
· Up to 4300 million litres of waste and sewage discharged into rivers daily.
How / what could be done / is being done to
improve Delhi’s water supply?
Agricultural water demand is set to
rise
Due to :
1. Population growth
2. Increase wealth – leads to a more protein rich
diet Figure 9 shows one estimate of expanded irrigated
crop area and water demand. About 60% of the
discharge of the Ganges is diverted for large
scale irrigation.
Pakistan : 18% predicted increase hectares irrigated
with 14% increase water
V. C.T..: 38% predicted increase hectares irrigated
56% increase water
China: 39% predicted increase hectares irrigated
40% increase water
Water pressure points
•Impact of climate
change
•Deteriorating
quality
•Impact of
competing use e.g. Upstream
versus downstream
Internal
conflicts
Internationa
l issues
Diminishing
supply
Competing
demands
from users
Pressure
point – need
for
management
Population
growth
Rising
demands
Economic
development
Figure 12 Water Pressure points page24 Student Unit Guide, New Edition Unit 3: Dunn & Warn
plus text below diagram good
Other
technologic
al
solutions:
water
manageme
Click
on each of
nt schemes
the photos for
parallel
alternative case
studies
Sand Dams
Shanty
solutions
Options
Options:
Expanded rainwater harvesting; water
storage and conservation techniques; water
reuse; desalination; water-use and irrigation
efficiency; change crops
Underlying policies:
National water policies and integrated water
resources management; water-related hazards
management
Key constraints:
Financial, human resources and physical
barriers;
Opportunities: integrated water resources
management; synergies with other sectors