Transcript The Global Challenge

Climate Change & Development
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
and Forest Degradation
“Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y
Degradación (REDD): complemento del futuro régimen
del Clima”
Panama City, Panama
23-24 April 2008
www.RainforestCoalition.org
Key Messages

Deforestation: Reducing emissions from
deforestation is possible and urgently needed for 2°C.
Cannot continue to choose ignorance – 20% of problem.

Sustainable Development: Catalyze gains
toward climate stability, poverty reduction, biodiversity
conservation, and rural development.

Positive Incentives: Leading drivers are
identifiable. In most cases, higher carbon ‘incentives’
will drive greater emissions reductions from
deforestation and forest degradation.

Funding Available (20/20): 20% of problem:
20% of solution. 20% of ‘carbon’ market resources could
provide revenues at necessary scale: $5 - $25 billion/yr.
Global Impacts
One billion acres of tropical forest lost
Achard et al., 2002 Science 297:999
Water Quantity & Quality
Impacts on Coral Reefs
Local & Global Fisheries
Species and Populations
Vertebrates
• 56,586 spp.
• 21% threatened
Invertebrates
• 1,190,200 spp.
•58% threatened
Plants
• 287,655 spp.
• 69% threatened
Total
• 1,534,441 spp.
• 59% threatened
Ecosystem Services
Disease Buffering
Pest Control
Pollination
Disease & Violence
Infectious Diseases
Cryptosporidiosis
Lyme
borreliosis
West
Nile
fever
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella
E. coli O157
BSE
E. coli non-O157
nvCJD
Typhoid
Legionellosis
Venezuelan
equine
encephalitis
Lassa
fever
Yellow fever
E. coli O157
Malaria
West
Nile
fever
Echinococcosi
Influenza A (H5N1)
s
Dengue
Rift Valley
haemhorragic Nipah virus
fever
fever
encephalitis
Cholera 0139
Diphtheria
O’nyong-nyong fever
Hantavirus
pulmonary
syndrome
Cholera
Ebola
haemhorragic
fever
Human
monkeypox
Cholera
Hendra virus infection
Legionellosis
Rural Landscapes
Extreme Weather Events
Forests & Climate
Forest Carbon Stocks
In forest, carbon is present in different carbon pools
Above-ground
biomass
Litter and soil
Below-ground
biomass
Emission Sources
IPCC: Emissions from deforestation
approx. 20% of total GHG’s
Emission Sources
Emissions by Country
The Kyoto Dilemma

KP Exclusion: Kyoto Protocol includes
deforestation for industrial countries, but intentionally
excludes developing nations that reduce
deforestation. KP unfairly discriminates against
these nations. How can we ignore 20% of GHG?

Market Access: Tropical rainforest nations
deserve to be treated equally in world carbon
markets.
A ton is a ton is a ton…
How did this happen?
How did this happen?

Conflicting Philosophy: Punish emitters vs.
objective oriented. NGOs vs. Scientists vs. Experts vs.
Govt. Depts. vs. …

Lack of Trust: Tendency by ‘North’ to be paternalistic.
Do what we say, not what we did! Exacerbated by NGOs!

Methods: Scale led to methodological mismatch.
National accounting vs. Project implementation.

Common but Differentiated: Who carries the
load is not defined. ‘Black & White’ perspective. Innovate
new flexible ‘basket’ of tools.

Leadership: Some major industrial countries seeking
to shift the blame, take conditional responsibility.
Leadership required by all!
Land Use Change
Deforestation
Degradation
~
Conversion
Deforestation
Deforestation Drivers
 Foods: Soya, Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, Gardens, Ranching, etc.
 Logging: Low value exports, unsustainable practices.
 Energy: Bio-Fuels and Fuel-wood in rural areas.
 Development: Roads, Mining, Power-Lines, etc.
 Population Growth
Perverse
Incentives
Bio-Fuels
 Investment: $38 Billion (2005)  $100 Billion (2010).
 Food: Soaring Prices  Tortilla Wars & Flour Strikes.
 Energy: 1 SUV Ethanol Tank = 365 Days of Corn for 1 person.
 Climate: Over 100 year carbon payback due to deforestation.
Clean
Energy
Myth?
Origins
 Inclusion of land-use change and forestry


under the KP difficult to negotiate because of
uncertainties about magnitude.
Solution reached at Marrakesh, three years
after KP agreed. Catalytic though complex.
Includes deforestation for Annex-B countries;
omission of deforestation from CDM
intentional – additionality, project leakage,
permanence.
Rainforest Coalition
Central
America
Asia
Caribbean
CfRN
Africa
South
America
Interregional Policy Development & Consensus
Basket of Tools
100%
Guyana
Conservation
Forest
Cover
PNG
Nigeria
Cameroon
REDD
CDM-AR
India
Bangladesh
0%
Time
Costa Rica
China
Emergence




May 2005 UNFCCC workshop: PNG proposed
voluntary RED based on positive incentives for
developing countries relative to national reference
level. Later joined by 9 other developing countries
11th COP (Montreal), Nov 2005, agrees two year work
programme
12th COP (Nairobi), Dec 2006, Brazil proposes
voluntary RED based on positive incentives and an
national accounting system, though not carbon market
access
13th COP (Bali), Dec 2007, Decision on REDD
Bali SBSTA REDD decision





Rules for demonstration projects – reduces
uncertainty for participants, facilitates integration
with future compliance regime
National accounting using IPCC. Subnational
demonstration activities only as step toward
national approaches
Anticipates reporting and independent review
Encourages immediate action and agrees to
consider this ‘early action’
Silent on instruments for ‘positive incentives’
Bali Roadmap





REDD decision is key part of overall negotiation for
future framework at the 15th COP (Copenhagen,
2009)
Expected to yield measurable, verifiable reportable
actions on emissions mitigation, consistent with the
deep cuts needed to avoid dangerous climate change
Forest Degradation included. Consider conservation,
SMF & enhancement of forest carbon stocks
Post-2012 positive incentives for the enhanced
implementation of national mitigation strategies
The REDD decision is one piece of this jigsaw (and
an unusually well developed one)
Necessary Strategic
Alliances
UNEP
FAO
Rainforest
Countries
SUCCESS
World
Bank
UNDP
REDD Demonstration
Activities
REDD
Funding
World
Bank
FCPF
$160 mil.
Australia
$ 200 mil.
?
Rainforest
Countries
UNEP
FAO
Norway
$2.8 bil.
U.K.
$3.2 bil.
Japan
$10 bil.
• Market
Maker
• Trading
Platform
UNDP
Private Sector
• Environment
al Integrity
• IPCC GPG
Training
• Verification
• Revenue
Distribution
• Rural
Poverty
NGOs
Carbon

+
: Social Benefit
Climate: Capture a significant source of carbon emissions
currently outside frameworks.

Rural Development: Significant new revenue streams to
addresses poverty in rural areas with clear metrics to access
effectiveness.

MDGs: Underpins MDG objectives related to environment,
poverty, gender equality, health, etc.

Ecosystems: Great effect on marine resources, species
diversity, pest control, disease buffering, pollination, etc.



Biodiversity: Major biodiversity conservation benefits.
Soils: Supports efforts against desertification and soil erosion.
Water: Watershed protection and potable water supply.
Our Conditions

DEEPER CUTS by Rich Nations

VOLUNTARY Action by Poor Nations

Real Benefits – climate and development

Sovereignty over Forest Resources

Differentiated Responsibilities

Philosophy of Positive Incentives

Equitable & Fair
Leadership?
The Parties should protect the climate system
for the benefit of present and future
generations of humankind, on the basis of
equity and in accordance with their
common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the
developed country Parties should take the
lead in combating climate change and the
adverse affects thereof.
– UNFCCC, Clause 3.1
Copenhagen deal?




Seek agreement on a framework for adequate
mitigation action by all Parties
Ambitious commitments from developed countries
consistent with 25% to 40% absolute emissions
reduction by 2020 (lowest level of IPCC AR4 WG3)
Developing country voluntary actions consistent with
departure from BAU emissions trend
Including REDD will increase Annex-1 country
ambition and demonstrate developing country
willingness to act: linkage to compliance system, eg
via carbon market, essential for this.
Closing Messages

Deforestation: Reducing emissions from
deforestation is possible and urgently needed for 2°C.
Cannot continue to choose ignorance – 20% of problem.

Sustainable Development: Catalyze gains
toward climate stability, poverty reduction, biodiversity
conservation, and rural development.

Positive Incentives: Voluntary. Sovereign
Control. Higher carbon ‘incentives’ will drive greater
emissions reductions from deforestation and forest
degradation.

Funding Available (20/20): 20% of problem:
20% of solution. 20% of GLOBAL carbon market could
provide revenues at necessary scale (incl. USA.)