Transcript 投影片 1

In this section, we talk the following 3 topics:
1.The History of Climate Change
2.The Geological Records
3.Humanities Records
Members:
1. (JianSing Junior High School)
2. (Chongming Junior High School)
3. (Yenping Junior High School)
I. The History of Climate Change
1. Glacial Age & Interglacial Age
 For the past few million years, the
earth has changed between Glacial
Age and Interglacial Age. (An
interglacial has warmer global
average temperate.) Now we are in
the era of Interglacial Age which has
existed for 12000 years.
 Researchers found that the latest
Ice age started 80000 years ago.
Even during the warmest
Interglacial Age, the ice sheet of
Antarctica has not been completed
melted. Now the Antarctica has
about 90% of the world's ice.
 Ice Age Interglacial Age
Ice Age
80000
(years ago)
68000
(years ago)
?
2. The Causes of The Cycle Between
Glacial Age and Interglacial Age (1)




Changes in the earth’s orbit: In 1930,
Milan Malkovich proposed “Earth
Orbital Eccentricity.” He pointed out
that the radiation of the sun led to the
changes of the global temperature. And
the cycle of Glacial Age and Interglacial
Age must be resulted from the earth’s
revolution around the sun. (The earth’s
axis is titled at an angle of between
22.1°~24.5°.)
The way the ocean and the atmosphere
http://ext.pimg.tw/bebot/121470471
interact.
8.jpg
Changes in energy received from the
sun and volcanic eruptions.
The amount of carbon dioxide.
3. The Trace of The Climate Change
3.1 The Preface
How do scientists trace the evidence
of climate changes?
 In 1990‘s, scientists drilled ice core
in Greenland and Antarctica. For the
first time, they got the details of the
past temperature record of more
than 100,000 years.
 Scientists got the details of climate
change by analyzing the elements
of ice core, including pollen, and
seabed sediments and so on.
Iceberg in Greenland
http://www.flickr.com/photos/tin
a9757/3117332169/
3. The Trace of The Climate Change
3.2 the Analysis of Pollen
 Pollen is small and hard.
It easily becomes intact fossil.
 According to the research,
pollen fossil which are suitable
to grow in the warm period
can be found in the seabed
accumulated in the warm
weather and vice versa.
Pollen fossil
http://www.kobec.ed.jp/shizen/strata/tis1_org/1206801.jpg
3. The Trace of The Climate Change
3.3 The Analysis of Seabed Sediments
 Scientists analyze the plankton from seabed
sediments, and they know the CO2 concentration in
the air when plankton exited. (In the topic 2, we will
have further discussion about foraminifer, one kind of
plankton.)
 One of the evidence comes from two hundred
kilometers south of the Arctic seabed sediments,
which can only survive in the subtropical waters of the
algae fossils, while the earlier species that live in local
waters, but it disappeared. This means that climate
change affected the plankton.
4. The Reason That The Changes of
Global Climate Aggravated
 Since the Industrial
Revolution, which began in
the 18th century, the
amount of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the atmosphere
has increased by 35 per
cent.
 In fact, the concentration
of CO2 is now higher than
at any point in the past
650,000 years.
 The climate change
timeline:
http://www.metoffice.gov.
uk/climatechange/guide/ti
meline/
http://www.america.gov/climate_chan
ge.html?gclid=CPPWwKar7J0CFZMwpA
odJTqYOw
5. Remarkable Examples of The Global
Climate Changes(1)
 In 2009, there’s a heaviest blizzard for the past 20 years
in London.
 The temperature in winter from 1990 to 2000 set a
record of the last 103 years in America.
 In 2000, there’s the most serious flood for the past 50
years in England. The average rainfall in April in both
England and Wales was the highest and broke the record
for the past 235 years.
 In 2001, 7 provinces in China suffered from the most
serious drought for the past 20 years.
5. Remarkable Examples of The Global
Climate Change (2)
 In 2008, there was a serious
blizzard in Beijing.
 In July, 2001, the southern part of
Poland was hit by a rainstorm.
Thousands of people were forced
to evacuated and at least 28
people died. Over 5000 hectares of
farmland was soaked in the water.
 The climate change 2007 issued by
the UN Intergovernmental
Panel of Climate Change has
pointed out that from 1961 to
1993, sea level rose 1.8 mm every
year. Up to 2100, the sea level
will increase 18 to 59 cm. After
2050, the ice floes will disppear in
Antarctica in summer.
http://www.flickr.com/photo
s/pots/338413631/
II. The Geological Record
1. Preface： The relation between
climate change and geological change
 Climate change influences not only the aerosphere
and ocean, but also the crust.

Scientists say, global warming leads to the crust
change, and makes more earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, landslides and Tsunamis.
 Geological change may let methane break out. Now,
the amount of solid methane in the permafrost and
under the seabed is more than the carbon dioxide in
the aerosphere.
2、Examples
2.1 Landform of Daguei Lake Wetland in Taiwan
 It’s at an elevation of 2,180
meters, and it’s 650 meters
long, 250 meters wide, 34
meters deep.
 It is about 39 hectares. It’s
not only the deepest lake,
but also the deepest natural
lake in Taiwan.
 The stratums near the lake
are mainly shale, phyllite,
slate. Some of them are
sandstone.
http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/a3620245
2/article?mid=8095&prev=10081&next
=7863&l=f&fid=55
2.1 Features of Daguei Lake Wetland in Taiwan
 It is very important in
ecology in Taiwan.
 Because it locates in remote
mountains and there is no
oxygen at the bottom of the
lake for organisms, it keeps
the environment features
and records the ancient
climate change in Taiwan.
http://tw.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A3eg8_nW3uxKQxgATml2
1gt./SIG=12241foj0/EXP=1257123926/**http%3A//ww
w.flickr.com/photos/pro_v/3284221094/
22. Features of Foraminifer
 They are very old organisms.
They have lived on earth for
five hundred million years.
 They are protests which
catch food with pseudopods.
 Their shells are made of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
or sediment particles.
http://image.cpst.net.cn/upload/200703/15/173939220.jpg
2.2 Importance of Foraminifer
 They are very useful in
paleoclimatology and
paleoceanography.
 Their sells gathered and
became rock at the bottom of
the ocean after they died.
 Scientists not only can tell
the rock’s geological age
from the fossil but also can
trace the ancient climate and
temperature in the sea.
http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jw!cvt9SjW
YRUV_ojwpE3prkQ--/article?mid=1224
2.3 Importance of Corals
 The annual growth bands in corals
help to predict earthquake cycles.
 Take the study of corals nearby
Sumatra for example, the earthquake
occurs in Sumatra every 200 years
from 1300 AD.
 In the past 700 years, every 200 years,
there would be a big earthquake group
with magnitude 8 and this
phenomenon lasted for 10 years.
 After an earthquake, the seabed rises,
and coral’s growing space becomes
smaller.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ji
mgsmith/3147724041/
http://times.hinet.net/times/article
.do?newsid=2422744&option=grap
h&optionType=graph
2.4 Landform of The Live Basin
in Nantou in Taiwan
 It is about 50 hectares. It’s
the biggest live basin in
Taiwan.
 Its soil is composed of peat
and the composition of dead
plants and animals.
 The researchers said that it
took at least 6000 years to
accumulate 60 meters deep
peat.
 The soil is like a sponge
which has absorbed a lot of
water, so the soil is fluid.
 If you step on the soft
ground, it will move wavily.
http://www.sunmoonlake.gov.tw/TW/03000
583.aspx
http://malukooo.pixnet.net/blog/post/23168126
2.4 Something Interesting About The living
basin in Nantou
 People built roads in the basin,
but the roads disappeared the
next day.
 A farmer put the container on the
farm, and he found it sagged
down about 30 centimeters.
 Someone wanted the soil to
become hard and tried to grout
but in vain because a truck of
concrete disappeared after he
poured it on the ground.
http://malukooo.pixnet.net/blog/post/2
3168126
III. Humanities Record
1. The Move of Maldives
1.1
The reasons
:
 The Maldives consists of
about 80% coral islands
,and the average sea
level is below 1.5
meters.
 Because of the global
warming and the
possibility of much of
the islands being
inundated with water
from rising sea levels,
the President plans to
look into purchasing new
lands.
Maldives’s Capital City - Malé
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/b/b4/Male-total.jpg
1. The Move of Maldives
1.2 Future Solutions and Measures
 They will purchase new lands and
relocate the whole nation by using
the sightseeing income.
 President Mohamed Nasheed appeal
the whole country to lower
Maldives’ CO2 emissions to 0 in ten
years.
 Malé (has 1/3 of Maldives’s
population) reconstructed
breakwaters around Malé in order to
defend sea water invastion。
 In order to increase land areas,
Maldives has a new land after ten
years of land reclamation.
World’s first underwater
meeting:Reminding people
about how serious global
warming is now.
http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/
27824/2009/10/18/3785s2651016.ht
m
2. Kyoto Protocol
2.1 Background Information
 The Kyoto Protocol was first open
for signature to 149 countries
willing to participate in 1997 in
Kyoto, Japan. It came into force in
2005.
 Purpose: Limiting developed
countries’ greenhouse gases
emissions & stopping Earth from
getting warmer.
 Every developed country has to
reduce 5.2% of its greenhouse
gases emissions compared to 1999.
 In order to become an international
convention with legal binding
forces, Kyoto Protocol needs at
least 55 countries with a total of
more than 55% of greenhouse
gases emissions ratified.
http://www.wikispaces.com/file/vie
w/Kyoto_Protocol.jpg
2. Kyoto Protocol
2.2 The Present Situation and Measures in
Taiwan
 CO2 emissions occupies 1% of the world
and its total quantity ranks at twentysecond globally, so Taiwan is not one of
the signatory countries.
 Taiwan’s average CO2 emission per
person is the same as Japan’s. However,
Taiwan’s average gross national product
is only Japan’s 1/2. This shows that
Taiwan uses energy inefficiently.
 In 2000, most buildings are “Green
Architectures.”
 Advocate EEWH : ecology, energy
saving, waste reduction and health
 Increase “non-carbon energy.
http://bpl.abri.gov.tw/Portals/0/
11Green/%E7%B6%A0%E5%BB%
BA%E6%9D%90%E6%A8%99%
E7%AB%A0.JPG
3. How Climate Chang has Affected Animals
and Plants
3.1 Phenomena
 Australia’s researcher: Many flowers and
plants in Asia either blossom ahead of
time or blossom before time. Those
original migratory birds now don’t
necessarily need to migrate to the south
and evade wintry winters.
 Violent weather, such as storms and
droughts, has a direct impact on
biodiversity.
 More and more organisms are extinct
because frozen lands in Polar Regions
melted and some even became forests.
The temperature of Antarctica’s waters http://www.firstpeople.us/pictures
/polar-bears/polar-bearrose and icebergs melted. These
profile.html
phenomenon affected oceans’ salinity.
3. How Climate Chang has Affected Animals
and Plants
3.2 Climate Change’s Impact on Migrating Animals



United Nations’s Environmental Plan:
The report on “Animal Migration and
Climate Change” shows that the unusual
climate change has a deep and great
impact to habitual migrating animals.
EX 1: Because the temperature of the
oceans rose, krill can’t compete with
heat-resisting organisms and decreased
drastically. Being the basic organisms in
the food chain, the decreasing of krill
affected the animals that are on the
food chain’s upper class.
EX 2: Organisms that originally don’t
appear in areas of high latitudes
migrate to northern areas because of
global warming. Eventually, these
animals became food competitors with
animals that live originally in Polar
Regions.
Krill
http://www.beihaixia.com/xia/d
uxia1.jpg
4. Humans’ Future Habitation: Mars
4.1 Similarities Between Mars and Earth
 Its equator inclination angle is
25 degrees, which is only 1.5
degrees more than Earth’s.
 It has four seasons.
 It has similar frigid zones,
temperate zones, and tropical
zones. However, the
temperature between Mars and
Earth is quite big.
 Its period of rotation is 24
hours and 37 minutes (only
about thirty minutes more than
Earth’s.)
http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/scie
nce/harwoodr/Geol101/study/images/
mars01.jpg
4. Humans’ Future Habitation: Mars
4.2 Research on the Immigration to Mars
 The combination of Earth’s Duckweed
with inflatable houses that can be
charged with gas is the human
habitation on Mars.
 It exempts from cosmic radiations and
terrible weathers’ harm and effect.
 Caves may include large amounts of
minerals, water, and ice.
 Food on Mars is Duckweed.
 Experiment: Scientists made a
simulated “Mars Cave Environment” in
a sealed volcanic lava cavern in
central Oregon for two mice. The
result shows that the two mice were
still alive, but has a sign of oxygen
deficit.
Duckweed
http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.c
om/question/question?qid=1
305090215846