Transcript Contents - reddplusethiopia

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST
NATIONAL REDD+ SECRETARIAT
SNNP Regional REDD+ Coordination Unit
Zonal Level REDD+ Awareness Creation
Workshop
SNNP Regional State, Hawassa
August 17/2015
Contact us @
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Overview of Regional Awareness Creation Workshop
Purpose of the Zonal Workshop
 Raising stakeholder awareness on REDD+
Basics, Status of REDD+ Readiness Process in
Ethiopia and Regional Piloting activity plan
Expected Outcomes
 Workshop participants will be fully aware
of the rationale, principles and mechanisms
of REDD+, the status of REDD+ Readiness in
Ethiopia & planned regional Piloting
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Climate change & the Role of Forests
to Climate Change
What are the signs that climate change is occurring?
What causes climate change?
What is the role of forests in climate change?
REDD+
Brief history of REDD+
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What is Climate
Change?
What are the signs
of Climate
Change?
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What is Climate Change?
• Climate Change = significant change in measures of climate
(such as temperature or precipitation) lasting for an extended
period of time (typically decades)
• United Nations Forum Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) defines Climate Change as ‘a change of
climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human
activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere’
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Climate Change is happening
Four major independent datasets show:
2013 was among the warmest years on record (2nd to 6th)
Climate Change is happening
Global and national temperature anomaly
Series1
Global
Series2
National
year
1.5
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
temprature anomaly
1
1999
1989
1979
1969
1959
1949
1939
1929
1919
1909
1899
1889
1879
1869
1859
Climate Change is happening
Greenhouse gases continued to climb:
Atmospheric CO2 concentration hit a global
average of 395.3 ppm for the year 2013
Climate
Change
happening
Changes in
precipitationispatterns
Less rain
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/precipitation_changes_trends_over_land_from_1900_to_2000
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More rain
Rising sea levels
+ 3.1 mm per year
•
Sea levels are rising due
to thermal expansion and
melting glaciers and ice
caps
•
Average global sea levels
have risen 17 cm during
20th century and may rise
28-58 cm by 2100
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/trends-in-sea-level-1870-2006
Global mean sea level rise from 1870 - 2006
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More extreme weather events
Severe droughts
and heat waves
Stronger
storms
Heavy rains
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Examples of potential impacts
 Forest fire
incidence 2008
There are reports that fire has affected more than 200,000 ha every year in
recent decades.
Decreasing snow cover and melting glaciers
Kilimanjaro 1993
Decreasing snow cover
Kilimanjaro 2000
http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1361
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Warming of poles and loss of sea ice
Collapse of Wilkins Ice Shelf, Antarctica
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What causes climate
change and where are
greenhouse gas emissions
occurring?
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What human activities generate GHGs?
Greenhouse Gas
Industrial Sources
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
fossil fuel combustion
and cement
manufacturing
Deforestation and
burning of forests
Methane (CH4)
Landfills, coal mining,
natural gas production
Conversion of wetlands
Rice paddies
Livestock production
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Fossil fuel combustion
Nitric acid production
Fertilizer use
Burning of biomass
Hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs)
Industrial processes
Manufacturing
---
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Industrial processes
Manufacturing
---
Sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6)
----
Electrical transmission
and distribution systems
Land Use Sources
Which sectors produce greenhouse gases?
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Which Sectors Produce Greenhouse Gasses
in Ethiopia?
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Where are greenhouse gases being emitted?
Low
emissions
High
emissions
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Sources of emissions
The sources of emissions differ across developing versus
developed countries
Greatest source of GHG = fossil fuels
Land use change (deforestation) is a major source
(second only to fossil fuels)
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Forests in the global
carbon cycle
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Forests Store and Emit Carbon
Deforestation & degradation
of forests emit 5.87 gigatons of
carbon dioxide equivalent
Forests & other terrestrial
systems - absorb 9.53 gigatons
of carbon dioxide equivalent
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Extent of forests globally
30% of earth’s land surface is
forest (4 billion hectares)
Forest area by biome
Area forest cover
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal
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16~17 M
km2
9~10 M
km2
15~16 M
km2
Forest carbon globally
45% of terrestrial carbon is stored
in earth’s forests
Carbon stock by biome
% terrestrial C
Tropical
~25%
Temperate
~10%
Boreal
~5%
• Forests absorb 2.6 gigatons
C (9.5 gT CO2) per year
• Emissions from tropical
deforestation 1.5 gigatons
C per year
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Climate change
mitigation
through forestry
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Options for mitigating climate change
Increasing
carbon sinks
Avoiding
reducing
sinks
Ecosystem
service:
carbon
sequestration
Mitigation
Activities
Reducing emissions
from productive
activities
Bioenergy and
biofuels
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Ecosystem
service:
emissions
reduction
Quiz
Carbon stock
Match each carbon stock graph with its
description to the right.
Carbon stock
1
4
Years
Carbon stock
Non-forested land
Years
Carbon stock
2
5
Years
Carbon stock
Years
Forest conversion to
non-forested land use
Unsustainably
managed forest
Plantation established
on non-forested land
and harvested
regularly
Carbon stock
Forest converted to a
Plantation
3
Years
6
Years
Conserved primary
forest
Comparing scenarios
For climate change mitigation, which is the best
alternative?
• A degraded pasture (A)
• A forest plantation that is destroyed or burned regularly (B)
Carbon
A
Carbon
Years
B
Years
Answer: B
Additional stored carbon in
alternative B compared to A =
carbon that does not contribute to
climate change (even if it is
temporary)
Carbon
 Mean of B
 Mean of A
Years
Undisturbed forests
• An undisturbed forest:
–
–
A large stock
But not a large sink
Carbon
• +/- equilibrium (climax)
• Even if an undisturbed forest
does not absorb GhG from
the atmosphere, it is better to
conserve it than to convert it
to other uses
Years
Comparing scenarios
For climate change mitigation, which is the
better alternative?
• Conserving an undisturbed forest (A)
• Converting this forest to forest plantation (B)?
Carbon
Carbon
A
Years
B
Years
Answer: A
Carbon emitted into the
atmosphere under scenario B
compared with A = Carbon that
Carbon
contributes to climate change
Years
A brief history of REDD
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A brief history of REDD
• Early 1990s: Deforestation 1/5 of GHG emissions
• 2001 - COP7: Avoided deforestation was too difficult to include in CDM
(+ no additionality). Only A/R
• 2005 – COP 11: 2 year consultation period for RED
• 2006: Stern report says REDD is big & cheap (& easy?)
• 2007 – COP 13: RED(D) included in Bali Action Plan
• 2007: Norway’s Climate-Forest initiative, NOK 15 billions
• 2008+: FCPF (World Bank), UNREDD, other initiatives
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What is REDD+ all about?
REDD+: Policy approaches & incentive mechanism
REDD+ implementation requires enabling
 Policy framework
 Legal & regulatory framework
 Institutional arrangements
 Full & Effective stakeholder
Consultation & participation
 Technical capacity
 Investment (Finance)
The Core Idea of REDD+
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Phased approach for REDD+
Meridian (2009) & COP16 (UNFCCC 2010)
Phase 1 – the readiness phase focuses on the
• development of national strategies or action
plans, policies and measures, capacity building
and demonstration activities.
Phase 2 – Implementation phase focuses on
• National policy reforms; intervention
measures, as well as on demonstration
activities that use results based payment
mechanisms.
Phased approaches for REDD+
• Phase 3 – transitioning into Phase 3 will
involve
moving to more direct results-based actions,
i.e. emissions and removals that should be
fully measured, reported and verified, with
payments based on these results.
What is causing climate change?
The natural greenhouse effect
Some energy is
reflected back into
space
Solar energy from the
sun passes through
the atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
trap some of the heat,
warming the earth
GHGs
Earth’s surface is heated by the sun and radiates
out heat back towards space
The enhanced greenhouse effect
Less infrared radiation
(heat) escapes to space
Higher levels of GHGs trap
more heat in atmosphere,
leading to temperature
increases
GHG
GHG
GHGs
GHGs
GHG