Transcript Anatomical Terminology - ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomical Terminology
Introductory Concepts:
1) Homeostasis – macro and micro
2) Body terminology
Directional Terms
Anterior – front, before
Example: The
vertebral
column is
dorsal to the
more anterior
sternum
Directional Terms
Ventral - belly
Directional Terms
Cranial - head
Directional Terms
Superior – Above (higher level)
Directional Terms
Medial – toward the body’s midline
Directional Terms
Proximal – toward point of
attachment
Directional Terms
Superficial – at or near the surface
Directional Terms
Posterior – back; behind
Directional Terms
Dorsal - back
RIGHT HAND
Directional Terms
Caudal - tail
Hindlimb conformation faults:
caudal view
Directional Terms
Inferior – below (lower level)
Directional Terms
Lateral – away from midline
Directional Terms
Distal – away from point of
attachment
Directional Terms
Deep – farther from the surface
Body Planes and Sections
Transverse – divides the body into
superior and inferior sections
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/transverse.html
Body Planes and Sections
Frontal – divides the body into
anterior and posterior sections
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/coronal.html
Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal – divides the body into right
and left sections
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/sagittal.html
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Major Body Cavities
PLEURAL
PERICARDIAL
Introductory Anat/physiology test
Body cavities and organs located
within the cavity (labeling and
matching)
Anatomical terminology – be able to
apply it
Overview of organ systems
(matching)
Introductory Anat/physiology test
Body planes and sections (identify
pictures)
Cell parts and functions
Homeostasis
– Thirst fill-in blank
– Scenario identification of stimulus,
receptors, effectors and response
– Cell membrane – diffusion, osmosis
terms and active transport
1) Kidneys detect ↓
blood volume
Dehydration
↓ water
volume
↑ osmolarity
of blood
2) hypothalamus
detects ↑ in blood
osmolarity
1) JGA in kidneys
2) Hypothalamus
in brain
1) Adrenal gland (on
top of kidney)
releases aldosterone
1) Kidneys keep
water and salts
instead of
excreting them
2) Kidneys keep
water and salivary
glands do not
salivate (causes
dry mouth =
thirst)
2) ADH (anti-diuretic
hormone) is released
from pituitary gland
The Cell
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Cell
Section 7-2
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Nucleolus
b
Nucleus
a
Ribosome
c
(attached)
Nuclear
k
envelope
Ribosome
d
(free)
Cell
e
Membrane
Mitochondrion
f
Smooth
endoplasmic
g
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
j
reticulum
Centrioles
h
i
Golgi apparatus
Animal Cell
Venn Diagrams
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Centrioles
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton
Section 7-2
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Divison of Labor
A cell is made up of many parts with different
functions that work together. Similarly, the parts
of a factory or a machine work together to carry
out different functions and come up with a
product.
Answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a
computer? What are the functions of these
computer parts?
2. How do the functions of these computer parts
correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?
Cell Membrane
Guard station—
– lets somethings in
– Keeps some things out
Cell Wall (plants only)
Wall outside the
factory guard gate
– Protection and
strength
mitochondria
Generator
– Creates energy for
the factory
Golgi Apparatus
Packaging,
processing
– Puts wrapper on the
candy bar
Nucleus
CEO, central office
– Directs the factory
– Contains the recipe
Nucleolus
Machine makers
– Place where the
assembling
machines
(ribosomes) are
made
Ribosomes
Assembling
machines
– Assembles the
candy bars, takes
them to packaging
(golgi)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Inner-factory
transport
– Conveyor belt,
transports
candybars
(proteins)
Lysosome
Sanitation crew
– Destroys garbage
– Cleans out foreign
debris
Vacuole
Warehouse
storage– Contains all of the
surplus materials
Chloroplast (plants only)
Solar panels on the
factory
– Converts sunlight to
usable energy for
the factory
ANSWERS TO INTRO CELL
QUESTIONS
Attached to microscope lab
Cell Structures and Functions
1. The CELL is the fundamental
building block of the body.
How are certain cells in your
stomach specialized?
The _______ is the control center
of the cell.
Nucleus
How many chromosomes in each
human cell?
46 (23 pairs)
You get 23 from mom
and 23 from dad
What is the function of
chromosomes?
Chromosomes are
composed of DNA
which directs the
cell’s activities.
They are the
instructions for the
building of all of
your body’s
proteins.
Where are proteins assembled?
Ribosomes (attached or free)
Where is RNA manufactured?
nucleolus
What structure transports proteins?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the Golgi
body?
To package proteins in a molecular
coat so they can be sent out of the
cell.
Lysosomes contain chemical
substances called________.
Enzymes
The enzymes breakdown proteins
into amino acids.
Ribosomes use the amino acids to
build new
Proteins
_______ are storage sacs.
Vacuoles
Incoming nutrients are stored in
vacuoles before they are broken
down by LYSOSOMES.
Clinical autopsy – gross analysis to
cellular analysis
http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/case2
4/case24.html
To assemble proteins and perform
many other functions the cell
uses______.
ENERGY – (ATP)
Mitochondria produce ENERGY in
the form that the CELL can use.
Importance of cell membrane
Selectively permeable
Phospholipid bilayer – allows oxygen,
carbon dioxide and water to pass
freely
Channel proteins – allow dissolved
ions (Na+, Ca+ K+, Cl-) to pass
freely
Carrier proteins – change shape to
allow large molecules to pass in and
out – ex glucose
Pumps – requires energy to work,
pushes in or out ions and nutrients –
ex Na+ and K+ pumps regulate
ICF/ECF concentrations and neurons
No energy needed
Energy needed