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We just learned that… Over time, organisms change The question is… • What are organisms made of? cells organism Anything living is made of cells Fungi Plants Bacteria Animals Cells contain DNA nucleus DNA Let’s look at some cells • But cells can’t be seen without help • We need a microscope • Microscopes were invented in the 1600s http://www.xmission.com/~psneeley/Personal/Leidyscope.JPG Eye Piece The Microscope Arm Stage Nosepiece High Power Objective Lens Coarse Focus Low Power Objective Lens Fine Focus Diaphragm Stage Clips Base Light Lab: Animal vs. Plant • Part A: Using the microscope – How to use a microscope • Part B: Comparing animal and plant cells – Observe & explain the differences in structure between animal and plant cells • Part C: – Classify an unknown cell as a plant or animal How to make a wet mount • Place drop of water on slide • Set cover slip down from left to right • Viola… Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells • View the newspaper letter “e” under the microscope • Draw it as you see it • 100X • What happens when you move the slide away from you? • Move the slide to the left, which direction does it appear to move? Letter “e” Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells Make a wet mount of onion skin • Place the skin of the onion on a slide • Place a drop of iodine and a drop of water on top to stain the onion • Cover with a coverslip Start on low power (10X objective) • Adjust with coarse adjustment, then focus with fine adjustment, draw the cells Enlarge with high power (43X objective) • Adjust only with fine adjustment knob, draw the cells Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells In your lab notebook • Draw the image as you see it, first on low power (100X), then on high power (430X) Magnification 100X Onion skin Onion skin 430X Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells Make a slide of your cheek cells • Use a toothpick to gently scrape the inside of your cheek • Rub the toothpick on a clean slide • Add a drop of water and a drop of iodine • Place a coverslip on top of the cells • Draw on low power and then high power Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells In your lab notebook •Draw the image as you see it, first on low power (100X), then on high power (430X) Human Cheek Cells 100X Human Cheek Cells 430X Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells • Answer the following questions in your lab notebook: 1. Why did we use the iodine solution on each slide? 2. Compare the shapes of plant and animal cells. 3. What cell parts did you find in both types of cells? 4. Given 2 cells, describe the steps you would use in order to identify a cell as an animal or plant cell? Centrioles Cytoplasm The Smooth Endoplasmic Animal Cell Reticulum Vesicle Plasma Membrane Nucleolus Nucleus w/ DNA Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear Membrane Lysosome Filled with fluid containing waste or nutrients Digests food within cell, “suicide sac” Site of protein synthesis Packages and releases cell materials Gel-like fluid for support Control center of cell, contains DNA Makes ribosomes Allows material into and out of nucleus Semipermeable, controls material movement into and out of cell Powerhouse of cell, makes energy Produce lipids, no ribosomes Channels for material transport, with ribosomes Used in cell division in animal cells Strands of genetic code The Plant Cell Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chloroplast Cell Wall Plasma membrane Vacuole Ribosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Cytoplasm Supports and protects plant cell Site of photosynthesis, makes food stores water and nutrients Whip-like structure for movement Hair-like structures for movement Cell Notes • Organisms are made of cells • Cells tissues organs organ systems organism • The cell is the basic unit of life, the smallest living thing • Robert Hooke first discovered cells in cork tree bark Cell Notes The Modern Cell Theory – All living things are made of one or more cells – Cells are the basic unit of structure and function – New cells come from pre-existing cells • (biogenesis) http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/images/cell_division.gif Cell Notes Types of cells • Prokaryote • Simple • Small • No nucleus, no organelles • Domains: Archea, Bacteria • Ex. bacteria •Eukaryote •Complex •Large •Have nucleus and organelles •Domain: Eukarya •Ex. Ameba, mold, flower, human Cell Video How does a plant cell relate to your school? Plant Organelle Cell Wall Plasma (Cell) Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Chloroplasts Mitochondrion Vacuole Chromosomes (DNA) Ribosomes Function within Plant Who has similar job? SELL THAT ORGANELLE Working with a partner, make a creative poster to describe your organelle. Include a large, bright drawing of the organelle, a colorful advertisement of its function(s), and a bridge map for the title. Cell wall Cell as structure Relating factor: _____________ Bones Body