Transcript Cell Structure

6 Kingdoms
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Formerly grouped as
one kingdom known
as the Monerans.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
These four kingdoms
Fungi
are believed to have
evolved from the
Plantae
Archaebacteria.
Animalia
Cell Types
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound
organelles
• Most cells are
1 -10 μm in size
• Evolved 3.5 billion
years ago
• Found only in
Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria Kingdoms
• Has nucleus
• Many organelles
• Cells can be between
2 - 1,000 μm in size
• Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago
• Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia Kingdoms
Types of Nutrition
• Autotrophs: (able to make own food)
1.) Photosynthetic -organism that uses energy
from the sun to make its own food
2.) Chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical
nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron are
consumed and made into living tissue;
makes its own food
• Heterotrophs: (unable to make own food)
1.) Ingestion: organism eats other organisms or
their organic byproducts
2.) Absorption: produces enzymes that break
down food particles outside the body, then
absorb the digested molecules
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Cell Type: prokaryotes (original life form on
earth; gave rise to eukaryotes)
• Body Forms: unicellular
• Cell Structure: have cell walls that contain
lipids found in no other organism; have
genetic material but lack nuclear
membrane or other membrane-bound
organelles.
• Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Habitat: extreme environments such as d
deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Other Important Information: fewer than 100
species are believed to exist
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria,
anaerobic bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Cell Type: Prokaryotes - considered the
“true bacteria”
• Body Forms: unicellular
• Cell Structure: cell walls made of
peptidoglycans; have genetic material but
lack nuclear membrane and membranebound organelles
• Nutrition: photosynthetic and
chemosynthetic autotrophs;
heterotrophic forms too
• Habitat: Common environments – land,
water and air; live in and on organisms
Kingdom Eubacteria
Other Important Information: extremely
diverse – more than 5000 species exist.
Ecologically important as decomposers.
Symbiotic relationships with humans –
mutualistic in gut; parasitic when they cause
disease.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella,
Gonorrhea
Kingdom Protista
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some
multicellular, some colonial
• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with
genetic material and other membranebound organelles; some have cell walls
made of cellulose, pectin or silica
• Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs and
heterotrophs that use ingestion or
absorption
• Habitat: freshwater and ocean water, in
and on organisms
Kingdom Protista
Other Important Information: the “catch-all
kingdom”; range from microscopic to 150
feet long in size; some are animal-like,
some are plant-like; some cause disease.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: kelp, algae, slime mold,
Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena, diatoms
Kingdom Fungi
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Body Forms: some unicellular, most
multicellular
• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic
material and other membrane-bound
organelles but lack chloroplasts; cell walls
made of chitin; some have more than one
nucleus and some have openings
between adjacent cells
• Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption)
• Habitat: most are terrestrial, some live on or
in organisms
Kingdom Fungi
Other Important Information: Ecological
importance as decomposers. Many have
relationships with other organisms. In humansparasitic fungus cause athlete’s foot and ringworm.
Mutualistic examples too: mychorrizae in plants
and lichens with algae.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, mildew,
mold, truffles
Kingdom Plantae
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Body Forms: multicellular
• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with
genetic material and other membranebound organelles; have chloroplasts;
cell walls made of cellulose; have large
central vacuoles; vascular plants have
advanced tissues and organs
• Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs
• Habitat: mostly terrestrial
Kingdom Plantae
Other Important Information: plants are the
base of terrestrial food chains; more than
262,000 species exist
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: moss, ferns, pine trees, oak trees,
shrubs, flowers, grass
Kingdom Animalia
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Body Forms: multicellular
• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with
genetic material and other membranebound organelles; but no chloroplasts
and no cell walls; most have advanced
differentiation of tissues and complex
organs
• Nutrition: heterotrophic
• Habitat: land, water, air
Kingdom Animalia
Other Important Information: the most
diverse of all kingdoms in appearance; most are
motile (they can move)
Sketches of Cellular Examples
Examples: sponges, worms, snails, insects
(ants, grasshoppers), birds, snake, fish,
elephant, human