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10/27 Daily Catalyst Pg. 40 Endosymbiotic Theory 1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your microscope you observe multiple mitochondria. From your findings, what type of cell is it? 2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the population exhibiting hybrid characteristics. Calculate the percentage of the population with the dominant allele. 3. Describe three organelles involved in protein synthesis. 10/27 Daily Catalyst Pg. 40 Endosymbiotic Theory 1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your microscope you observe multiple mitochondria. From your findings, what type of cell is it? Could be a plant or animal cell 2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the population exhibiting hybrid characteristics. Calculate the percentage of the population with the dominant allele. More information is needed 3. Describe three organelles involved in protein synthesis. RibosomesERGolgi Apparatus 10/27 Class Business Field Trip form and $5 by Tuesday Cell Test on Thursday Quiz on Wednesday M.C. on cells, HWE, reading graphs Tutoring on Wed. until 3:50 Test corrections due Wednesday after break 10/27Agenda Daily Catalyst Class business Endosymbiotic theory notes Homework: Reading Reading quiz on Tuesday 10/27 Objective We will be able to use representations and models to describe differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Skills: label diagrams, comparing and contrasting, and linking structure to function. Key vocabulary: endosymbiotic, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic Review Which of the following structures is common to plant and animal cells? A. Chloroplast B. Wall made of cellulose C. Tonoplast D. Mitochondrion E. Centriole D Review Which of the following structure-function pairs is mismatched? A. nucleolus; ribosome production B. lysosome; intracellular digestion C. Ribosome; protein synthesis D. Golgi; protein trafficking E. Microtubule; muscle contraction E Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into protein. This “tagging” of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to trace the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is more likely the pathway for movement of this protein in the cell. A. ER Golgi Nucleus B. Golgi ER lysosome C. Nucleus ER Golgi D. ER Golgi vesicles that fuse with the membrane E. ER Lysosomes vesicles that fuse with the membrane D Cells: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Life can be divided into two categories: Prokaryote Eukaryote Eu: True Karyote: Nucleus Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated Organelles Chromosomes Multicellular Animal and plant cells Eukaryotes contain membrane-bounded organelles Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions Located in cytoplasm Examples of specialized euk. cells liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen. sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell Mesophyll cell specialized to capture as much sunlight as possible inside a leaf How did organelles evolve? In 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the “Endosymbiont Theory.” Many scientists theorize that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote ancestors. Key Point #1: Endo = inside Symbiont = relationship Endosymbiont theory (briefly): Key Point #2: A prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller prokaryote The smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being digested, and lives inside its new “host” cell kind of like a pet. Key Point #3: The two cells evolve in a way they can no longer live independently form one another This is an example of a symbiotic relationship http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2 endosymb.html Time: 15 minutes 1. Define aerobic and anaerobic 2. How is the replication of the mitochondria and chloroplast evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? 3. Explain 5 similarities between mitochondria & chloroplasts and bacterial cells 4. Describe the benefits to both an aerobic cell and an anaerobic cell that may have allowed for the formation of a mutually benefitting relationship to occur. 5. Explain why there are 2 lipid bilayers around both mitochondria and chloroplasts 6. How is the mitochondria DNA proof of the endosymbiotic theory? The small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts, and “pay” their host with glucose. The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy (ATP) the cell can use. Key Point #4: Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship (mutualism) Key Point #5: Evidence Mitochondria Double Membrane Divide by binary fission Produces ATP Circular DNA Chloroplast Double Membrane Divide by Binary Fission Uses sunlight for photosynthesis Circular DNA The bolded words are important to proks! Chlorella are tiny green cells that live inside some amoeba... endosymbiosis may still be evolving today! How are plant and animal cells different? Directions: Compare and contrast plant and animal cells using a venn diagram. Structure cell membrane nucleus nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts One big vacuole cytoskeleton Animal cells Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no yes Plant cells yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes Yes Life can be divided into two categories: Prokaryote Pro: Before Karyote: Nucleus Eukaryote Eu: True Karyote: Nucleus Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler Commonly known as bacteria ~.5 microns in size (tiny) Single-celled(unicellular) These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin. Prokaryote cells are simply built capsule: slimy outer coating cell wall: tougher middle layer cell membrane: delicate inner skin Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli) cytoplasm: inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli: for sticking to things flagella: for swimming ribosomes: for building proteins Prokaryote lifestyle unicellular: all alone colony: forms a film filamentous: forms a chain of cells Prokaryote Feeding Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight Disease-causing: feed on living things Decomposers: feed on dead things Advantages of each kind of cell architecture Prokaryotes Eukaryotes simple and easy to grow can specialize fast reproduction multicellularity all the same can build large bodies Cell Structures Cell membrane delicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasm found in all cells Nucleus a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA ) has pores: holes Nucleolus inside nucleus location of ribosome factory made or RNA mitochondrion makes the cell’s energy the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has Ribosomes build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm may be freefloating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA Endoplasmic reticulum may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes Golgi Complex takes in sacs of raw material from ER sends out sacs containing finished cell products Lysosomes sacs filled with digestive enzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell Centrioles pair of bundled tubes organize cell division Cytoskeleton made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside. Structures found in plant cells Cell wall very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door Vacuole huge waterfilled sac keeps cell pressurized stores starch Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll turn solar energy into food energy Eukaryote cells can be multicellular The whole cell can be specialized for one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs How do animal cells move? Some can crawl with pseudopods Some can swim with a flagellum Some can swim very fast with cilia Pseudopods means “fake feet” extensions of cell membrane example: ameoba Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane beat in unison 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. f 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. a 11. a 12. c 24/24 4.0 22/24 3.6 20/24 2.9 18/24 2.0 16/24 1.2 14/24 .4 12/24 .1