Transcript cells
Cell Structure and Function Animal Cell http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/identify3.html Plant Cell http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/Sem1Review.htm Cell Cell Theory Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol Nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Tissue Organ Organ System A. Group of tissues working together B. Cell with no nucleus C. Group of cells working together D. Control center of a cell E. Cell with a nucleus F. Smallest unit of life G. Group of organs working together H. Everything inside a cell except the nucleus I. The fluid part of the cytoplasm J. Surrounds a cell K. Our current understanding of cells L. Small cell part with a special job to do Cell Cell Theory Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol Nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Tissue Organ Organ System F K J H I D B E L C A G Cell —smallest unit of life All living things are made of one or many cells http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/the-truth-about-cancer-cells/ http://www.ringophone.com/results.asp?searchfield=animals&index=0&type=color Robert Hooke 1665 English scientist First person to see cells Studied thin slices of cork Called them cells Never realized that cells were living things http://www.edu365.cat/aulanet/comsoc/persones_tecniques/Robert_Hooke.htm http://askabiologist.asu.edu/content/robert-hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek First person to observe living cells in 1673 Called these living cells, “animalcules” Known as the “Father of Microbiology” http://www.vanleeuwenhoek.com/His-Microscopic-World.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwen/leeuwmicro.gif http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html Matthias Schleiden (1838)— German botanist: stated all plants are made of cells. http://www.merke.ch/biografien/biologen/schleiden.php Theodor Schwann (1839)— German zoologist: stated that all animals are made of cells http://www.nndb.com/people/357/000096069/ Rudolf Virchow (1855)— German physician: stated that cells come only from other cells. http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/rv/ The work of these men led to the development of the cell theory. Three parts: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells. Cells vary in shape and size according to their functions. Examples: Nerve cells are long with extensions for carrying impulses. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/08705a.jpg Red blood cells are microscopic and round for carrying oxygen. http://www.sciencequiz.net/jcscience/jcbiology/circulatorysystem/red_blood_cells.jpg Most cells are microscopic. Size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio Small cells can exchange substances faster than large cells because small objects have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio. SA = 6s2 V = s*s*s http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/B/cell_components/4.3%20Effect%20of%20cell%20size%20on%20s.JPG Prokaryotes —cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Include bacteria and archaebacteria Eukaryotes —cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Include cells from plants, animals, fungi and protists http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html Features common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include: DNA —genetic material located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells Plasma Membrane —outer boundary of cell Cytoplasm —all the material inside the plasma membrane, (not including the nucleoid region or nucleus). It includes a fluid part called the cytosol and many organelles and other particules floating in it. Ribosomes —site of protein synthesis http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html Unicellular —organism exists as a single cell living independently of other cells Colonies —groups of identical cells that live together in a connected group. Cellular activities are not coordinated. Multicellular —specialized cells live together and become unable to survive independently. Organized as follows: Cells Tissues Organ Organ System Organism Phospholipid bilayer Chromosome Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Ribosome Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Cytoskeleton Microtubule Microfilament Cilium Flagellum Centriole A. Powerhouse of the cell B. Site of protein synthesis C. Contains digestive enzymes D. Surrounds the nucleus E. Transports proteins and lipids F. Structures made of DNA and proteins G. Surrounds the outside of a cell H. Plays a role in mitosis I. Tail-like structures/ help cells to move J. Hair-like structures/help cells to move K. Inside the nucleus/ make RNA L. Help to shape and support a cell M. Larger structures of the cytoskeleton N. Smaller structures of the cytoskeleton O. Package proteins and lipids Phospholipid bilayer G Chromosome F Nuclear envelope D Nucleolus K Ribosome B Mitochondrion A Endoplasmic reticulum E Golgi apparatus O Lysosome C Cytoskeleton L Microtubule M Microfilament N Cilium J Flagellum I Centriole H Plasma membrane Surrounds the cell: Controls what gets in and out Allows cell to interact with its environment Made of a double layer called the phospholipid bilayer Described as a fluid mosaic —acts more like a liquid than a solid because proteins and lipids can move side to side. Phospholipids have a polar, hydrophilic head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails made of fatty acids Sterols, like cholesterol, can be found between the fatty acid tails to provide firmness and prevent freezing http://www.hcc.bcu.ac.uk/physiology/phospholipid02.gif Note: Hydrophilic = water loving Hydrophobic = water fearing http://annadennis.wikispaces.com/file/view/phospholipid_bilayer.gif/91874047/phospholipid_bilayer.gif Several types of integral proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane: Transport Proteins —moves substances across the membrane Receptor Proteins —recognize and bind to substances outside the cell Recognition Proteins —glycoproteins with carbohydrate chains that act as cell-surface markers and identify the cell type http://golfcourse.mnmsa.org/my_files/hole1and12.jpg Cytoplasm —all the material inside the plasma membrane (except the nucleus) Includes: Cytosol—fluid part in which the ribosomes and molecules float (20% protein) Cytoskeleton —series of microtubules and microfilaments that crisscross each other. They give shape and form to the cell and help organelles to move within the cell. (Centrioles: special microtubules that appear during cell division) Organelles (except the nucleus)—tiny structures in the cell: each has its own job to do. Control center of the cell Filled with a jellylike substance called nucleoplasm Contains DNA in the form of chromatin or chromosomes Surrounded by a nuclear envelope made of two phospholipid bilayers. Envelope has many pores which act as passageways for RNA messages Contain a dense area called the nucleolus which helps to make RNA Powerhouse of the cell Site of cellular respiration in which energy is transferred from organic molecules (glucose) to ATP Active cells like muscle cells have 1000 or more mitochondria Surrounded by a double phospholipid membrane Inner folds called cristae is where the energy reactions take place. http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Mitochondria http://www.darkgovernment.com/news/military-researches-anti-aging/ Mitochondrial DNA —DNA found inside the mitochondria. It allows mitochondria to reproduce by dividing Scientists believe mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells that invaded eukaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship Prokaryotic cells gained protection Eukaryotic cells got more ATP for energy Protein factories of the cell Do not have a membrane Consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA Some float free in cytosol Others are attached to the ER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_ribos.html Transportation system of the cell Long, folded tubes called cisternae allow molecules to move throughout the cell. Two types: Rough ER —has ribosomes attached Smooth ER —no ribosomes are attached Each has a different function Packaging center of the cell Consists of stacks of membranes that receive proteins and lipids Each layer modifies and packages the proteins and lipids so they can be sent elsewhere http://creationrevolution.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/11/Golgi-Apparatusand-ER.jpg Transport vehicles—”Cellular submarines” Tiny sacs that transport various contents Classified according to their contents http://www.biology4kids.com/files/art/cell_lysosome2.gif Lysosomes—made by the golgi: they contain digestive enzymes: these enzymes break down: Peroxisomes—not made by the golgi: found in liver and kidney cells: Dead cells (autolysis) Worn-out cell parts (autophagy) Large molecules Glycogen in the liver to release glucose into the blood Bacteria (lysosomes in WBC) Detoxify alcohol and drugs Break down fatty acid Produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Glyoxysomes—found in seeds: break down stored food Endosomes—food vacuoles created after endocytosis The diagram below summarizes some of the functions of vesicles http://www.bothbrainsandbeauty.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/endomembranesystem.png http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/EukaryoticCellStructure.htm Plant cells have all of the same structures as animal cells plus a few more: Cell Wall —rigid layer outside the plasma membrane: made of cellulose Central Vacuole —large sac that stores water, enzymes, wastes and other materials: provides support for plants when full Plastids—organelles that contain their own DNA: three types: Chloroplasts—contain chlorophyll: site of photosynthesis Chromoplasts—contain colorful pigments (carrots, flowers, etc) Amyloplasts—store starch http://www.harlem-school.com/5TH/sci_pdf/graphics/plant_cell.gif http://gmgmesjwk.pbworks.com/f/ksjakja.bmp 42 41 43 44 45 55 54 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 52