Transcript Lecture 1 - UniMAP Portal

ERT 244 / 4
ENERGY AND POWER IN BIOSYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AND POWER
Lecture 1
NOOR SHAZLIANA AIZEE BT ABIDIN
EVALUATION CONTRIBUTION
 Final examination: 50%
 Course work: 50%
 Test 1: 10%
 Test 2: 10%
 Lab report: 20%
 Design project / Assignment: 10%
TEXTBOOK
 GREEN ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY
 AYHAN DEMIRBAS, SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON Ltd,
2009
 READ EACH CHAPTER BEFORE THE LECTURE/DISCUSSION
PERIOD
 REFFERENCE BOOK
 BIOFUELS ENGINEERING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
 CAYE M. DRAPCHO, NGHIEM PHU NHUAN, TERRY H. WALKER, THE
MCGRAW HILL Co, 2008
 IDEALLY, A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCE IS ONE
THAT IS NOT SUBSTANTIALLY DEPLETED BY
CONTINUED USE, DOES NOT ENTAIL SIGNIFICANT
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS OR OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, AND DOES NOT
INVOLVE THE PERPETUATION OF SUBSTANTIAL
HEALTH HAZARDS OR SOCIAL INJUSTICIES.
Energy sources classification
 Fossile - mineral fuels – hydrocarbons -
petroleum, coal, bitumens, natural gas, oil
shales, and tar sands (nonrenewable)
 Renewable - biomass, hydro, wind, solar (both
thermal and photovoltaic), geothermal, and
marine energy sources
 Nuclear (Fissile) - uranium and thorium
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2002
11%
2%
32%
22%
6%
6%
21%
OIL
NATURAL GAS
NUCLEAR
LARGE HYDRO
COAL
BIOMASS
RENEWABLES
Fossil Fuels
 Petroleum - broad range of hydrocarbons found as gases,
liquids, or solids.
 Color ranges from pale yellow – red – brown - black or
greenish, while by reflected light - green hue.
 Formed - remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died
millions of years ago, and sank to the bottom of the oceans.
This organic mixture was subjected to enormous hydraulic
pressure and geothermal heat. Over time, the mixture
changed, breaking down into compounds made of
hydrocarbons by reduction reactions. This resulted in the
formation of oil-saturated rocks. The oil rises and is trapped
under non-porous rocks that are sealed with salt or clay
layers.
Properties of petroleum and crude oil
refining
 Crude oil - complex mixture of 50%-95% hc by weight
 Distillation –
 Natural gas
 Petroleum ether
 Ligroin (light naphtha)
 Gasoline
 Jet fuel
 Kerosene
 No. 2 diesel fuel
 Fuel oils
 Lubricating oils
 Asphalt or petroleum coke
 An important non-fuel use of petroleum is to produce chemical
raw materials. The two main classes of petrochemical raw
materials are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and
aromatics (including benzene and xylene isomers)
 Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that contains the solid hydrocarbon
wax kerogen in tightly packed limy mud and clay.
 Tar sands are oil traps not deep enough in the Earth to allow for
geological conversion into the conventional oil.
 OPEC is the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries and its
current members are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela,
Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria,
Ecuador and Gabon. OPEC members try to set production levels
for petroleum to maximize their revenue. According to
supply/demand economics, the less oil they produce, the higher
the price of oil on the world market, and the more oil they
produce, the lower the price.
 Petroleum is the most important energy source, as 35% of
the world’s primary energy needs is met by crude oil, 25%
by coal, and 21% by natural gas
 The transport sector (i.e., automobiles, ships, and aircrafts) relies
to well over 90% on crude oil. In fact, the economy and
lifestyle of industrialized nations relies heavily upon a
sufficient supply of crude oil at low cost.
1973 and 2005 fuel shares of total primary energy supply (TPES) (excludes electricity and heat trade)
Global oil production scenarios based on today’s production
Source: Demirbas, 2008
 Natural gas (NG) - Natural gas is a mixture of
lightweight alkanes. Natural gas contains methane (CH4),
ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane and isobutane
(C4H10), and pentanes (C5H12).
 Natural gas -consist mainly of the lower paraffins, with
varying quantities of CO2, CO, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
oxygen, in some cases also hydrogen sulfur and possibly
ammonia
 Cleaner fuel than oil or coal and not as controversial as
nuclear power
Production and consumption trends of natural gas in the world
 Coal - Coal can be defined as a sedimentary rock that
burns. It was formed by the decomposition of plant matter,
and it is a complex substance that can be found in many
forms.
 Divided into four classes:
 Anthracite
 Bituminous
 Subbituminous
 Lignite
FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
 PROBLEM – CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY
EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM FOSSIL
FUEL COMBUSTION
 GREENHOUSE GASES –WATER VAPOR, CARBON
DIOXIDE, METHANE
 ATMOSPHERE KEEPS EARTH TEMPERATURE AT 15
OC – OTHERWISE TEMP WOULD BE – 18 OC
 WHAT ABOUT POPULATION GROWTH
CLIMATE CHANGE
 ANTHROPOGENIC (HUMAN-INDUCED) EMISSIONS
CAUSED A 0.6 oC INCREASE IN GLOBAL MEAN
SURFACE TEMPERATURE.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
 DEFINITIONS: Types of energy that are
readily renewed.
 Renewable energy sources (RES) – can be
readily renewed in a short time period.
 RES - alternative sources of energy that use
domestic resource and have the potential to
provide energy service with zero or almost
zero emission of both air pollutants and
greenhouse gases.
 Examples RES –
 Biomass
 Hydro power
 Solar
 Wind
 Geothermal
 Wave
 Tidal
 Biogas
 Ocean thermal energy
 Derived from – Natural, mechanical, thermal and growth
processes that repeat themselves within our lifetime and may
be relied upon to produce predictable quantities of energy
when required.
 Main renewable energy sources and their usage forms
Energy source
Energy conversion and usage options
Hydropower
Power generation
Modern biomass
Heat and power generation, pyrolysis, gasification,
digestion
Geothermal
Urban heating, power generation, hydrothermal,
hot dry rock
Solar
Solar home system, solar dryers, solar cookers
Direct solar
Photovoltaic, thermal power generation, water
heaters
Wind
Power generation, wind generators, windmills,
water pumps
Wave
Numerous designs
Tidal
Barrage, tidal stream
Non-combustible Renewable Energy
Sources
 Hydro, geothermal, wind, solar, wave, tidal, and ocean
thermal energy sources
 The potential of sustainable small hydro (<10 MW) power,
Photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind energy, Geothermal and
solar thermal sources will be more significant as energy
sources in future. PV will then be the largest renewable
electricity source with a production of 25.1% of global
power generation in 2040.
Other non-combustible RES
 Wave energy
 Tidal energy
 Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
RENEWABLES
0.06%
57.21%
9.53%
0.84%
2.31%
30.11%
0.21%
0.57%
Geothermal
Hydro
Traditional Biomass
New Biomass
Tidal
Solar
Wind
Biorenewable Energy Sources
 Biomass
 Bioalcohols
 Bio-oil
 Biodiesel
 Biogas
 Biohydrogen