Transcript Year 10 Revision Booklet

Year 10 Revision
Booklet
GCSE Geography
Edexcel B
Dynamic Planet
Exam 14th June 2010
8.45 am- 9.45 am
Exam structure
• The exam will last for 1 hour
• You need to answer ALL
questions in Section A
• The Coastal Change and
Conflicts question in Section B
• The Oceans on the Edge
question in Section C
DO NOT ANSWER QUESTIONS
ON RIVER PROCESSES AND
MANAGEMENT OR EXTREME
CLIMATES.
Section A: Introduction to the
Dynamic Planet
1. Restless Earth
What you need to know:
1. Earth’s interior
2. Plates and plate margins
3. Volcanic and earthquake hazards
4. Hazard management
Theory
1. How and Why do the Earth’s tectonic plates move?
You need to be able to label the sections of the Earth. Try labelling this
diagram and defining the key terms.
What are convection currents? How do they work? Sketch an example and
label it.
This is a map of the plate boundaries. Below name the 4 different boundaries:
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the boxes below draw each of the 4 boundaries and explain how they work.
Do they create volcanoes or cause earthquakes?
Theory
2. What are the effects and management issues resulting from tectonic
hazards?
Hazards pose a threat to us, but not all hazardous events are disasters.
This depends on:
1. The type of hazards
2. The place’s vulnerability to hazards (LEDC, location, distance from
volcano)
3. The ability or capacity to cope and recover from a hazardous event
Primary Impacts= that place at the time of the event itself and are
directly caused by it
Secondary Impacts= that follow the event, and are indirectly caused by
it
Capacity refers to the ability of a community to absorb, and ultimately
recover from, the effects of a natural hazard.
Hazard Measurement:
Earthquakes are measured by the RICHTER SCALE and the MERCALLI
SCALE
Volcanoes can be measured using the VEI (VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY
INDEX)
Management:
Remember there are two ways to manage earthquakes this is being
prepared (being ready for the event) and being able to reduce the
impact (mitigation).
We can also manage the impact of hazards by the following:
•
Building design (cross bracing, earthquake proof housing etc)
•
Warning systems (especially in Tsunami prone areas and for areas
with an erupting volcano)
•
Preparation days (such as in Japan)
•
Having a disaster management cycle incorporating RESPONSE and
RECOVERY techniques.
Case Studies
Here you can make notes on the case studies you have studied. Make
sure you use the Purple text book for extra examples and to fill out
your notes. You must be able to say where the case study is
LOCATED, IMPACTS, RESPONSE, WHY IT HAPPENED, EFFECTS.
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, a Shield Volcano
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, a Composite
Volcano
Case Studies
Here you could make case study notes on the studies you have
done in class.
2. Climate and Change
What you need to know:
1. Past ‘natural’ change
2. The impacts of past change
3. Present and future change
4. The future challenge
Theory
1. How and why has climate changed in the past?
you need to be able to describe how climate has changed over time
both warm and cold periods have existed on Earth over the last
100 million years. The last Ice Age was approximately 1.8million
years a go- this is called the Pleistocene era. The warm period we
are in now is called the Holocene and this started 10,000 years
ago. Read pg 28 to find out more.
Natural causes of climate change: make sure you know how these
cause changes in our climate.
1.
Orbital changes- long-term
2.
Solar Output- medium-term
3.
Volcanic activity – short-term
THE LITTLE ICE AGE pg 30-31:
What was the little ice age?
How do we know the little ice age happened?
What were the effects of the little ice age?
EXTINCTION OF MEGAFAUNA:
Megafauna are large animals that became extinct at the end of the last
ice age (Pleistocene). These animals lived in North America and
Europe (Including the UK). These animals included wolly
mammoths, sabre-toothed tiger, large wolves and large beavers.
As many as 135 species became extinct.
Read page 33 to find out why and make notes below:
13%
Theory
5%
10%
72%
Chlorofluorocarbons
Nitrous Oxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
2. What challenges might our future climate present us with?
What are greenhouse gases? Imagine the world to be surrounded by a
greenhouse. The glass is a mix of the gases: Chlorofluorocarbons,
Nitrous Oxide, Methane and Carbon dioxide. The gases provide a
shelter, letting heat in, but preventing most heat from escaping
TASK: make 2 spider diagrams that show the human and natural causes
of greenhouse gases. Use Pg 34-35 to help. How have the levels of
greenhouse gases changed over time?
The map on page 36 shows countries based on co2 emissions. China and
the USA are the biggest countries on the map and its not because
of population. Why are they so big? Why are Africa, Australia and
New Zealand so small?
The UK has a small population compared to some European countrieswhy is it so big on this map?
HINT: think about the countries population, industry, development and
then link to the amount of co2 they produce.
In 2008, world carbon dioxide concentrations passed 380 ppm (parts
per million). In 1800, it was just 280 ppm. This figure grows by
2ppm every year. This is despite efforts made by people and
governments world wide.
Increased wealth in Asia has seen an increase
In the amount of methane produced.
This is because there is an increasing
Demand for meat and dairy in diets.
The IPCC (intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change) believes that greenhouse
Gases need to be below 550ppm. Pg 37.
Case Studies
Climate Change in the UK
Climate Change and sea-level rise in LEDC’’s.
3. Battle for the
Biosphere
What you need to know:
1. Location of biomes
2. Biomes as a ‘life support’
3. Threats
4. Management
Theory
1. What is the value of the biosphere?
You need to be able to describe a minimum of 4 different Biomes: You
could revise the following but do revise more:
1. Deserts
2. Rainforests
3. Savannah
4. Deciduous
You should be able to LOCATE them geographically, using BOTH longitude
and latitude, give examples of countries in which they are located and
describe the CLIMATE and CHARACTERISTICS.
There are a number of different factors that influence where we find
different Biomes these are….
•
Latitude
•
Continentally
•
Altitude
•
Temperature
•
Precipitation
•
Geology, Relief and Drainage.
•
Identify which are local and which are global
Why do we need to protect the biosphere? Pg 46
LOCAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMES:
Read page 43- make notes about
How local factors affect biomes:
The biosphere acts as a life support system for the planet- it regulates
the composition of the atmosphere, maintaining soil health and
regulating the hydrological cycle.
The biosphere provides humans with goods and services; complete the
spider diagram below. Use page 44-45 to help.
Food
Medicine
Raw
materials
Theory
2. How have humans affected the biosphere and how might it be
conserved?
Few places on earth remain free from human interference. On the next
page is an in-depth case study of Amazonia. You need to complete
these parts as part of this question in the specification.
Pollution and climate change bring stress and change:
This includes the deliberate removal of forest to create space for
agriculture is an example of direct human actions damaging the
biosphere. How else can humans cause this? Pg 50.
How has the UK changed? You need to be able to discuss temperature
raises and how the biosphere in the UK has changed over time.
Think about how the wildlife in the UK has also been affected e.g.
Bird species decline.
CONSERVATION AT A GLOBAL SCALE: nearly 200 countries in the
world are needing to sign agreements for conservation at a globalscale.
TASK: make a table the shows all the conservation schemes globally
that says what they aim to do and why. Pg 52.
Why is it important to conserve wetlands and what is the role of the
Ramsar convention 1971? Answer this in your own words using pg 53
to help.
CONSERVATION AT A LOCAL SCALE: BIOSPHERE MANAGEMENT:
It is important to sustainably manage all the biomes in the local areas as
well as globally. This is because if you THINK LOCAL YOU CAN
ACT GLOBAL. Everything has a knock-on effect. This is where you
need to discuss a local case study- an example in the Caledonian
Forest in Scotland.
Case Studies
AMAZON RAINFOREST:
location:
destruction:
Soya craze:
people pressure:
Windsor Forest (page 47):
An example of deciduous forest over-use in MEDC
Case Studies
Use this page to make notes on any other case
studies you have done in class time:
4. Water World
What you need to know:
1. Hydrological cycle
2. Human interference
3. Threats
4. Managing water resources
Theory
1. Why is water important to the health of the planet?
It is important that you know all the parts of the hydrological cycle and
about water stores. Go through the key words list that you have in your
book and make your own hydrological cycle diagram and label as you
draw.
The hydrosphere is made up of all water stores including oceans, rivers,
lakes and streams. These interact and link together the atmosphere,
lithosphere and biosphere. Without one you cant have the othersWHY?
UNRELIABLE WATER: COMPULSORY CASE STUDY= AUSTRALIA
Flows within the hydrological cycle vary over different time scales these
are; seasonal variations, longer natural cycles and climate change. Pg
58.
TASK: make a spider diagram that compares both the Sahel region in
Africa and Australia as places with unreliable water. Use different
colours to help compare.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD’S WATER SUPPLIES:
Climate change could make places DRIER and experience droughts OR it
could make places WETTER where more evaporation has taken place...
Remember what goes up must come down!! Use pg 60-61 to say how
climate change is affecting water in Asia and America.
AMERICA:
ASIA:
Theory
2.How can water resources be sustainably managed?
How can water be polluted? Humans put enormous pressure on riversthey are used for transport, industry, drinking and sewerage
disposal. The three most damaging types of pollution are on pg 62.
Water supplies can also be disrupted by human actions:
1. Changing flows deforestation may lead to over-supply of water to
rivers. This can lead to flooding. Drainpipes in urban areas also can
lead to accelerated supply to rivers.
2. Changing stores these are naturally recharged when it rains. They
are essential for human existence. If water is taken from these
stores too quickly they will not have a chance to re-charge and they
will dry up. This is called over abstraction.
3. Coca-cola and the Plachimada aquifer an example of over
abstraction in an LEDC by a trans-national corporation. Pg 63.
Water can be managed on two scales; large and small scale. You need to
know an example of each scale. The text books has examples of the
Colorado River in America and a hand-pump in Tanzania. You may have
also looked at the Three Gorges Dam in China and researched a
Northamptonshire example of small-scale water management.
You must think about SUSTAINABILITY when you are answering any
question about management. Does it consider the SOCIAL,
ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC and POLITICAL aspects?
INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY this is a management strategy that
can be used in poorer countries. It allows them to install
appropriate, small-scale practical solutions that local people can
apply and maintain themselves. This includes: hand pumps, lined wells
and rain barrels or pumpkin tanks.
Case Studies
AUSTRALIA’S UNRELIABLE WATER
Where is the desert in Australia located?
Why are there water shortages here?
What are the impacts of this water shortage?
What are the solutions?
Case Studies
Colorado River large-scale water management
Location of Colorado and dam:
Background information:
Problem
Cost
Benefit
Create reservoirs
Trap sediment
Regulate river flow
Afridev handpump in Tanzania small-scale water management
Location:
Background information:
Case Studies
Here you need to add in any other case study
notes from lessons:
Section B: Small-scale
Dynamic Planet
Coastal Change and Conflict
What you need to know:
1. Geology and landforms
2. Geomorphology and
processes
3. Coastal erosion
4. Managing the coast
Theory
1. How are different coastlines produced by physical processes?
The shape of a coastline can be affected by two main things: geology and
wave erosion. There are two types of coastline, define what they are
like below (use the table pg 70 and 71):
Concordant Coastline
Discordant Coastline
Coasts can also be formed by erosion: remember the anagram CASH to
recite the types of erosion (MARINE PROCESSES):
C
A
S
H
In your notes, draw a diagram that shows the landforms that are created
by this type of erosion.
WAVES  define these key terms in your notes:
•
Swash
•
Backwash
•
Destructive
•
Constructive
•
Fetch
Coastal landforms can be made by EROSION or by DEPOSITION.
The process of LONGSHORE DRIFT creates depositional features that
include, beaches, spits, bars and tombolo’s. You need to have NAMED
examples of each of these features.
Theory
Landforms at the coast can also be caused by cliff retreat. These
features and landforms include WAVE-CUT NOTCHES AND
PLATFORMS. At the Seven Sisters in Kent, the cliffs are 160 metres
high and the wave-cut platform extends 540 metres out to sea!
WEATHERING there are 3 types of weathering also called SUBAERIAL PROCESSES
1. Mechanical weathering salt crystal growth can increase cracks in
rocks causing stress
2. Chemical weathering Co2 dissolves in water causing acidic waterthis can react with the minerals in rocks to dissolve it
3. Biological weathering roots of vegetation and burrowing animals can
cause stress in rock cracks
MASS MOVEMENT there are 2 forms of mass movement at the coast.
These can dramatically change the coastline even overnight!
1. Rock fall sudden movements, rocks collect at the base
2. Slumping happens when the bottom of a cliff is eroded away by
waves. The cliff can become weak and slide downwards. This can be
triggered by heavy rain. This can be a rotational movement.
How else can coastlines be affected? Fill in the notes below:
1. Changing sea levels and storm activity
2. Storms at sea causing coastal flooding
Theory
2. Why does conflict occur on the coast, and how can this be managed?
Read pages 76-77 in your text book to find out about rates of cliff
retreat and the effects it has on people and businesses.
There are many ways to manage coastal erosion and these are split into
HARD and SOFT (holistic) ENGINEERING.
In your notes create a table the shows the advantages and disadvantages
of each coastal management strategy.
Examples of each type of engineering include:
HARD sea walls, groyne, rip rap, revetments, off-shore reefs
SOFT or holistic approaches beach replenishment, managed retreat,
cliff regarding
ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management this means treating a
coastal zone as one managed planned development. Read pg 81 to find
out more.
In the UK local councils and the Environment Agency pay for coastal
defences. They choose from the following 4 options:
1. Hold the line use sea defences to stop erosion EXPENSIVE
2. Advance the line use sea defences to move the coast further into
the sea VERY EXPENSIVE
3. Strategic Retreat gradually let the coast erode and move people
away from risks. This may involve compensation for some people
4. Do nothing let nature take its course.
You may be asked about these options in the exam and be able to link
them to a NAMED EXAMPLE. If you are asked about which choice
might be best or worst you must remember to consider the SOCIAL,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND THEN LINK
TO sustainability.
You also need to consider any CONFLICTS that might occur here you
should have a conflict matrix in your book. Refer to that and learn it!
Case Studies
People and property in Holderness- pg 78-79
Answer the following questions to build up a good case study:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Where is Holderness located?
Describe what Holderness is like
What makes Holderness prone to erosion?
What are the options available to people in Holderness?
What has already been lost in Holderness?
Read the opinions on coastal management- put them into an order of
Strongly for and strongly against coastal management
What are the costs and benefits to managing the coast?
What do you think they should do?
Swanage Bay- Costal management
Location
Problems and solutions in Durlston Bay
Problems in Swanage Bay
Solutions in Swanage Bay
Impacts compass rose
Case Studies
Use this space to add notes on any other case
studies you have done in class.
Section C: Large-Scale
Dynamic Planet
Oceans on the Edge
What you need to know:
1. Threats to the ocean
2. Ecosystem change
3. Increasing exploitation
4. Sustainable management
Theory
1. How and why are some ecosystems threatened with destruction?
The term ecosystem describes a grouping of plants and animals that is linked with
its local physical environment. The oceans, covering two-thirds of our planet,
are home to marine ecosystem communities composed of fish, aquatic plants
and sea birds- as well as tiny but very important organisms such as krill and
plankton.
HINT: make sure you are able to name some values of the Oceans e.g. its uses and
value to human and animal life.
TASK: make notes and research further the importance and value of CORAL REEFS
AND MANGROVE SWAMPS. Pg 102-103.
The way we use Oceans is becoming UNSUSTAINABLE this means we aren't
treating/using it in a way that will preserve it for future generations. Within the
oceans here is a natural balance between all life- these relationships form
the FOOD WEB. Use page 104 to make a copy of the Oceanic food web. It is
also important to consider the NUTRIENT CYCLE which is the movement
and re-use of important substances e.g., nitrogen.
DISRUPTION’S TO FOOD WEBS the main three disruptions you need to
understand are:
1.
Over fishing
2.
Eutrophication
3.
Siltation
Climate change also disrupts the oceans. Use page 106 to make notes below to
explain how and why:
1.
Warmer water
2.
More acidic water and bleaching
3.
Higher sea levels
Theory
2. How should ecosystems be managed sustainably?
There are two ways that marine ecosystems can be managed and that
is again, as with the other units, at a LOCAL and GLOBAL SCALE.
Case study on Firth of Clyde, Scotland (see next page to complete this
activity). This is an example of where humans are putting pressure
on the marine wildlife and there are plans to make the area more
sustainable.
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AT A LOCAL SCALE
Managing coral reefs reefs are made of living animals, each piece
contains polyp. They are part of a large colony of marine life. The
polyp are skeletal creatures that form coral in clear, warm and
sunlight seas.
Coral reefs are home to ¼ of the world’s fish species. It also acts as
natural barriers that protect the coastline from erosion. They are
also great for tourism. However there are sustainability issues that
come with this. Complete the case study6 on Coral Triangle on the
case study section.
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AT A GLOBAL SCALE
Global actions are needed to tackle pollution and to save threatened
species from overfishing and extinction. International
Organisations play a large role in ensuring that the oceans are
protected.
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisations regulates the
management of deep sea fisheries.
Individuals around the world can also ‘do their bit’ by changing their
shopping habits to ensure that we only buy sustainably sources fish
and buy ‘dolphin friendly’ tuna.
TASK: use page 114-115 to find out how else we are protecting our
oceans. Make sure you know which Organisations are helping too!
Case Studies
Pressures in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland page 109-111
The Firth of Clyde is a 60km stretch of water along Scotland’s West
coast. It is home to 40,000 animal and microbe species. You can
often see seals, harbour porpoises and basking sharks in this area.
Leather back Turtles and Killer Whales are sometimes seen as well.
So it is obviously an extremely important ecosystem. Make notes on
the 4 main pressures that humans put on this area. Which is the
most severe and why?
1. Fishing
2. Tourism and leisure
3. Sewerage disposal
4. Military testing
What is the impact of scallop fishing in Lamlash Bay?
Locals views- what do the people think?
Future Plans?
Case Studies
Sustainable Management of the Coral Triangle
Shetland Islands Aquaculture
Case studies
use this space to add notes on any other case
studies you have done in lessons.
Practice Questions
Restless Earth
1.
Using examples, describe some of the hazards of living on
a destructive plate margin (4) Foundation
2.
Using an example, outline the impact of a major
earthquake on people and property in the developing world
(4) Higher
3.
Describe 2 ways in which buildings in developing countries
can be made more resistant to earthquakes (2)
4.
Explain how preparation and mitigation could reduce
tectonic hazards (4)
5.
Explain why some areas are more vulnerable than others
(4)
6.
Explain the role magma plays in shaping shield volcanoes
(2)
7.
How do tectonic plates move? (2)
Climate and change
1.
Describe two human activities which are increasing the
amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (4)
Foundation
2.
Describe two challenges the UK might face in the future
due to global warming (4) higher
3.
Explain one possible good and bad effect of global
warming (4)
4.
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect? (3)
5.
Describe one natural cause of climate change in the past
(2)
6.
What is megafauna? (2)
Battle for the biosphere
1.
Describe some of the goods and services the biosphere
provides humans with (4) Foundation
2.
Describe two services the biosphere provides and
explain why they are important (4) Higher
3.
Describe 2 ways the forests are important to human life
(4)
4.
Explain how one biome is being threatened by human
interference (4)
5.
Explain the value of one biome you have studied (4)
6.
Using examples, explain some ways of conserving
threatened species (4)
7.
Explain how one biome is being threatened by human
interference (2)
Water world
1.
Describe how deforestation could affect water-cycle
processes (4) Foundation
2.
Explain how human activity could change the amount of
infiltration (3) Higher
3.
Name the two largest water stores on earth (2)
4.
Explain why Australia’s water is considered unreliable
(4)
5.
Describe two ways in which climate change could impact
on water supplies (4)
6.
Explain why the biosphere and lithosphere are important
to the hydrological cycle (4)
7.
Using a named example, describe how water schemes in
LEDC’s improve quality of life. (4)
8.
Describe the causes of river pollution and explain how
people dealt with it (5)
Coastal change and conflict
1.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of different hard
engineering methods used to protect coastlines (6) Foundation
2.
Explain why some cliffs erode more rapidly than others (6)
Higher
3.
Describe and explain the process of Longshore Drift (6)
4.
What is a concordant coastline? (2)
5.
Describe how changing sea levels can impact coastlines (4)
6.
Using named examples, explain the effects of erosion at the
coast on people (6)
7.
Using named examples, explain how coastal management choices
can cause conflict at the coast (6)
8.
Describe how strategic retreat would work as a coastal
management strategy (4)
Oceans on the edge
1.
Using examples, describe the threats facing marine ecosystems
(6) Foundation
2.
Using named examples, explain the short and long-term threats
facing marine ecosystems (6) Higher
3.
Describe the type of area a mangrove swamp might be found
(2)
4.
How can an undisturbed mangrove swamp support human
activities? (2)
5.
How could an increase in demand for one type of fish impact on
the food chain? (6)
6.
Explain how the change in ocean s=currents could impact marine
ecosystems? (6)
7.
Explain why the worlds oceans are under threat (4)
8.
With reference to an example, explain the problems and
successes of sustainable fishing (4)