Transcript Climate Change at Play

Climate Change at
Play
Negotiating as a Positive Freedom
David O Kronlid
Docent of Ethics, the Faculty of Theology, UU
Senior Lecturer in Curriculum studies, Dept. of Education, UU
Purpose
• Explore the relevance of ludology for
climate change negotiaiton discourse
Playing the game?
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Barcelona Climate Change Conference 2009
African Nations walk out Barcelona
Sudanese H.E Ambassador Di-Aping CoP15
Three
main
Q:s
• (1) can climate change negotiations and
negotiators reasonable be thought of as
if negotiations are a game and the
negotiators players?
• (2) If so, what kind of games are
negotiations, who are the players, what
does fair play mean, what does foul play
and being a spoil-sport mean?
• (3) If so, what is the relevance for climate
change justice, capabilities research and
climate change negotiators of fleshing
out the ability to play as a functioning in
It is a Game!?
• Game Theory
• Negotiation Analysis
• Publik discourse
Why
Ludology?
• Game theory & utilitarian reasoning
• Ludology includes more than rational
deliberation of predicted equilibrium
outcomes
• ludology deals with and defines play in
coherence with play as capability –
being able to laugh and enjoy
recreational activities – in the
capabilities literature (e.g. Alkire &
Black 1997; Nussbaum, 2003).
Capabilites research.
Content and
procedure.
David O. Kronlid, PhD week, Environmental Learning and
Research Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, SA, Oct
19, 2011.
One
X Two
X Five
X
X11....):
Case studies in
Mongolia (2010-11),
Zimbabwe
(2007/2010-), Nepal
(2011-)
5. SwedishSouthAfricanClimateChangeCapabilitiesEmpathyTheaterProject
The s c o p e, s h a p
e and c u r r e n c y of
social and distributive
climate change
justice
S c o p e of social justice
•…the entities that we identify as
the legitimate recipients of
benefits and burdens
in ”society”
? ?
?
?
?
S h a p e of social justice?
pattern of benefits that a theory
of distribution recommends.
Pluralistic = distribution
according to efficiency, equality,
priority, and sufficiency
C u r r e n c y of social justice
the aspect of well-being, or unit of benefits or
advantage, on which our distributive concerns
should focus:
Welfare, resources or capabilities:
Our concerns here will certainly be different from
either the recoursist or the welfarist. It will not be the
aim of distributive justice to secure a resource
base for future generations which is equal to that
enjoyed by previous generations, or a nondiminishing social welfare function, but rather to
preserve an environment that enables future
persons to retain the same substantive
N o r m a t i v e approach
•Climate change should not
exacerbate a person’s
opportunities to enjoy an
equivalent array, or set,? of?
?
capabilities to achieve valuable
?
functionings, both simple and
complex freedoms to be healthy,
?
M e t h o d o l o g i c a l approach
Descriptive and comparative
critical analysis of whether
and how climate change
affects a person’s
opportunities to enjoy an
equivalent array, or set, of
capabilities to achieve
valuable functionings.
The C a p a b i l i t i e s approach
1. Capability
3. Resources
2.
Functioning
4. Conversion Factors
1. Different levels of generality
2. Sensitivity to Context
3. Explicit formulation
4. Methodological Justification
5. Exhaustion and non-reduction
6. Reflexive methodology
D i f f e r e n t levels of generality
• Draw up the set list of capabilities in two
stages.
• first, as a generic list that is
“unconstrained by limitations” of
particular circumstances and second,
as a pragmatic list which takes a
particular context into account
(Robeyns 2003:70- 72).
st of ”generic” capabilities – (Alkire & Black, 1997; Robeyns, 2003; Nussbaum 2000;
onlid 2008b)
1. Life – its maintenance and transition – being healthy and safe.
2. Knowledge and appreciation of beauty - Being rational and their capacity
to “know reality and appreciate beauty”.
3. Work and play - Some degree of excellence in work and play. Being
“simultaneously rational and animal” and to “transform the natural world by
using realities, beginning with their own bodily selves, to express meanings and
serve purposes”.
4. Friendship - Coherence between and among individuals and groups of
persons – living at peace with others, neighbourliness, friendship.
5. Self-integration - Coherence between the different dimensions of the
person, i.e. “inner peace”.
6. Coherent self-determination - Practical Reasonableness, coherence
among ones Judgements, choices and performances – peace of conscience.
7. Transcendence - Religion, spirituality – being abe to relate to more-thanhuman-sources of meaning and value
8. Other species - Being able to relate to nonhuman animals, plants, and the
world of nature
9. Mobility - Being mobile in existential, social and geographical space.
Formal qualities of play (Caillois
2001)
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Free: in which playing is not obligatory; if it were, it would at once loose its attractive
and joyous quality as diversion;
Separate: circumscribed within limits of space and time, defined and fixed in
advance;
Uncertain: the course of which cannot be determined, nor the result attained
beforehand, and some latitude for innovations being left to the player’s initiative;
Unproductive: creating neither goods, nor wealth, nor new elements of any kind;
and, except for the exchange of property among the players, ending in a situation
identical to that prevailing at the beginning of the game;
Governed by rules: under conventions that suspend ordinary laws, and for the
moment establish new legislations, which alone counts;
Make-believe: accompanied by a special awareness of a second reality or of a free
•(1) can climate change negotiations and
negotiators reasonable be thought of as if
negotiations are a game and the negotiators
players?
Yes!
Four Fundamental
Categories of Games
Agon
(competition
Alea
(change)
Mimicry
(simulation)
Ilix
(vertigo)
PAIDIA
Not regulated
Tumult, Agitation,,
racing;
Immoderate
Wrestling etc.;
laughter
Athletics
Boxing; Billiards,
Fencing; Checkers;
Fotboll; Chess
Counting out
rhymes; Heads
or tails
Children´s
Children ”whirling”,
imitations; Games of
Horseback riding;
illusion; Tag arms;
Swingin g, Walzing
Disguises
Volador; Travelling
carnivals; Skiing;
Mountain climbing;
Toghtrope walking
Betting;
Roulette
Theatre;
Spectakels in
general
Kite flying,
Solitaire,,
Patience,
Crossword,
Puzzles
LUDUS
Sports in
general
Simple,
complex and
continuing
lotteries
A rule-bounded-improvising
continuum
• The first column refers to that games
are played in a continuum of turbulence
(paidia) and order (ludus).
• Paidia is characterized by free
improvisation and diversity whilst ludus
refers to games that are disciplined by
implicit and explicit conventions,
principles and rules (Caillois, 2001:13).
Agon
• … always a question of a rivalry
which hinges on a single quality
(speed, endurance, strength,
memory, skill, ingenuity, etc.),
• Exercised, within defined limits and
without outside assistance, in such
a way that the winner appears to
be better than the loser (Caillois,
2001, p 14).
Alea
• “all games that are based on a decision
independent of the player, an outcome
over which he has no control, and in
which winning is the result of fate rather
than triumphing over an adversary”
(Caillois, 2001, p 17).
Alea
Cont.
• The alea-player is passive and awaits
the potential victory unlike the agonistic
player who acts out his/her skills to
perfection.
• This indicates that the agonistic player
has retrospective, current and
prospective responsibility for the
outcome of playing whereas the aleaplayers simply “surrender to destiny”
(Caillois, 2001, p 18).
Mimicry
•
Games of mimicry is dominated by an
orientation towards “being or passing for
another” however not in a deceptive manner.
The players are taking account of an
incessant mimetic phenomena or invention
– the intrinsic function of simultaneously
disguising one’s conventional self and
liberating nonconventional and perhaps
more “authentic” dimensions of one’s self
(Caillois, 2001, p 21).
Mimicry cont.
• Mimicry hence involves imagination,
interpretation and illusion and Caillois
focusses on how spectator games (e.g.
theater, drama) are illusory for the
spectators. This is an important aspect
of mimicry. The illusion is however also
as significant for the players themselves
as it is for the spectators.
Mimicry cont.
• Having access to spectators is not a
necessary condition for mimicry, both
players and spectators are “for a given
time … asked to believe in [décor, mask,
or artifice] as more real than reality
itself” (Caillois, 2001, p 23).
Ilinx
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Based on the pursuit of vertigo and which
consist of an attempt to momentarily
destroy the stability of perception.
Inflict a kind of voluptuous panic upon an
otherwise lucid mind.
In all cases, it is a question of
surrendering to a kind of spasm, seizure,
or shock which destroys reality with
sovereign brusqueness” (Caillois, 2001, p
23).
Ilinx cont.
• A controlled disorder and panic, the
players of ilinx separate themselves
from reality in e.g. the spinning of the
Muslim dervishes or the Mexican
voladores who throw themselves from
masts up to hundred feet high whilst
performing up to thirty complex turns
until the rope attached to their waists
comes to its end.
Ilinx Cont.
• In folk music festivals in Sweden
couples engaged in the dance polska
sometimes experience the sense of
freedom and separation from the
surrounding world associated with ilinx.
•(2) If so, what kind of games are negotiations,
who are the players, what does fair play mean,
what does foul play and being a spoil-sport mean?
Relate to case.
????????
??
•
(3) If so, what is the relevance for climate
change justice, capabilities research and climate
change negotiators of fleshing out the ability to
play as a functioning in a climate change
negotiation context? Relate to case.
????????
??