Transcript PowerPoint Sunusu - World Water Forum

The base of Turkish Republic is culture!
Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK/Founder of Turkish Republic
WATER STRUCTURES
FROM HELLENISTIC, ROMAN
AND BYZANTINE PERIODS
IN TÜRKİYE
Prof. Dr. N. Orhan BAYKAN
Pamukkale University, Engineering Faculty,
Dept. of CE, Kınıklı-Denizli, TÜRKİYE
SOME ANCIENT CITIES IN TÜRKİYE (Öziş 2007)
This presentation scopes Hellenistic,
Roman and Byzantine Periods only
330 BC, Hellenistic period;
27 BC, Roman Empire Period; Dividing of Roma in 395,
Eastern Roma and after a certain period,
in 575, Early Byzantine; in 867, Middle Byzantine and
after 1025 Late Byzantine Periods up the conquest of
Istanbul (Constantinople) by Fatih Sultan Mehmet
(Conquerer Sultan Mehmet) in 1453.
ALSO BETWEEN 330 BC-1453 (1,8 MILLENIA)
HELLENISTIC ERA (Western Türkiye)
ROMAN EMPIRE
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Ancient Civilisations
If we look at what they hydraulically realized, we
call them also:
THEY HAVE BEEN AT THE SAME TIME
HYDRAULIC CIVILISATIONS TOO.
Various kinds of water structures of
ancient world among them:
Capturing; conveying; lifting; distributing;
discharing; gaining place and hygienically
making secure the city by covering the creeks;
prevent the harbors by diversion the creeks;
improving and rehabilitating of shores
may be counted.
Among the benefits by studying of ancient
water structures may be dominantly counted
as follows:
 Support to
archeologists
 Sustainable
 Evaluating
protection of remains
clues for better design, proper
selection of materials, earthquake ressisted
shape of building and…
And…
INNOVATIVE STUDIES
 CLIMATE
CHANGE
To obtain information/clues about paleolitic
climate change along the near history (to collect
sediment samples from ancient water structures),
thus to understand “what happened in the past?,
climatologically and/or socially”
(and also what may happen in future?)
 CALIBRATION
OF EXISTING AND/OR
DEVELOPING NEW METHODS
To calibrate modern hydrological methods by
applying them to ancient structures (e.g., to
galleries or tunnels) and/or to develope new
methods by examining the existing one’s on
the ancient remains.
For instance,
Ancient Tunnel “Bezirgan” near to
Patara ancient city/Antalya
120 ha
ANCIENT
TUNNEL
STATISTICAL EVALUATION
OF ANCIENT WATER
RESOURCES ENGINEERING
STUDIES
IN TÜRKİYE
DURING THE PASSED
30 YEARS
The most ancient remains in Türkiye
which we for the time being follow up
are mostly from 100-300 AD and from
Roman Empire.
22 ancient regions in Türkiye
(Umar 1999).
Presently known and/or in literature cited
ancient cities in Türkiye (420) (Umar 1999)
34
36
27
53
79
69
11
10
2
51
41
7
Deeply and/or most roughly investigated cities
in these 22 Ancient Regions in Türkiye are 112.
10
9
1
10
36
7
39
INTERIM CONCLUSION
If the maps above considered, it is seen that
Atmost 1/3 (=112/420=%27) of the water
structures of the ancients cities that for the
time being their traces are visible
had to be abled to study during the last
30 years.
VERIOUS EXAMPLES OF THE
HELLENISTIC, ROMAN EMPIRE AND
BYZANTINE PERIODS
UP TO THE CONQUEST OF
ISTANBUL (CONSTANTINOPLE)
330 BC- 1453 AD
HELLENISTIC
PERIOD
Bergama, İzmir/TR; lead pipe with stone connection, Hellenistic Period
HELLENISTIC PERIOD, SMYRNA (İzmir),
STONE PIPES OF “MELEZ” SIPHONAGE;
3,3 km long under 155 m water head.
Vize, İstanbul/TR; The longest Roman waterway (242 km)
Aydın/TR; Taşkemer (stone-arch) (Tralles)
Shild for
wrongly
described
“Lykian
Way”
(Waterway)
Gelemiş, Kalkan, Antalya/TR; reverse siphon (Patara), Hellenistic-Roman
Aksu, Antalya/TR; aqueduct (Aspendos)
İstanbul/TR; Bozdoğan (Valens) aqueduct
Oymapınar, Manavgat, AlanyaTR; stone caved canal (Side), Roman
Ferhat’s canal in Amasya/TR
(ancient name Amasia)
Ferhat’s Canal
Araphisar, Çine, Aydın/TR; spring capture structure (Alabanda)
Aksu, Antalya/TR, mountain gallery for water (Perge), Roman
Pamukkale Denizli/TR; water balance structure (Laodiceia), 3th BC
Pamukkale, Denizli/TR; water supply gallery (Hierapolis)
Frontal view
Internal view
Pamukkale, Denizli/TR; city reservoir (Hierapolis)
Söke, Aydın/TR; baked clay pipes (Priene)
Söke, Aydın/TR; corner fountain
(Priene, animation)
Eskihisar, Denizli; Nympheum (Laodiceia, animation)
Aphrodisias Geyre,
Karacasu, Aydın/TR,
Public bath
LATRINE
Operation principle
Inside of a latrine house
MAGNESIA, LATRINE, (4th-6th Centuries AD)
Before
After
Computer
Animation
Hierapolis (Pamukkale), Denizli/TR;
sewerage system (aerial view)
Manhole &
Cover
Eskihisar, DenizliTR; corner water distribution element (Laodiceia)
Hisarköy, Babadağ/Denizli/TR; sewerage/rainwater cover (Attouda)
Çavdarhisar, Kütahya/TR; Flood Mitigation Structure (Aizanoi)
Entering to
Qanat
Inside of
Qanat
Aerial view
Qanat
Çevlik, Samandağ, Antakya/TR; creek diversion (Seleucia Pierra)
Bergama/İzmir/TR; creek covering
Datça/Muğla/TR; quay structure (Knidos)
PATARA LIGHTHOUSE, Gelemiş, Kalkan,
Kaş/Antalya/TR (The unique example of ancient world)
Cistern “Binbirdirek”, (234 columns, 56*64 m)
“Aspar (Çukurbostan)”, open cistern,
152*152 m
CONCLUSION SHAPING THE FUTURE
 Professional deep
investigations and
protecting studies;
 Marking water supply and sewerage system
to city plan, if any;
 Touristical trekking activities;
 Evaluating the climate change;
 New horizons to hydrological methods.
WISH &
THANKSAYING!!!
HOPING THAT THE
HUMANITY WILL
PREVENT,
PROTECT,
CONSERVE AND
FIRST OF ALL
CONCERN THESE
ANCIENT REMAINS
TO HANDOVER TO
THE NEXT
GENERATION !
THANK YOU ALSO
VERY MUCH FOR THE
ORGANIZING
COMMITTEE ME TO
INVITE for
PRESENTATION SUCH
A CULTURAL TOPIC
TO 5th WWF!
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH FOR YOUR
ATTENTION AND
PATIENCE !
(Life is in the water)
N. Orhan BAYKAN, Pamukkale University, Denizli/TÜRKİYE
5th WORLD WATER FORUM, İstanbul/TÜRKİYE, March 16th-22nd, 2009