Transcript Slide 1
Climate change adaptation in
Latin America and the
Caribbean: CGIAR research
Rodomiro Ortiz (CIMMYT, on behalf of CGIAR)
Regional Consultation Meeting on the
Development of the Global Climate Change
Network in Latin America and the Caribbean
UNEP, 18-19 May 2009, Mexico City, Mexico
The Centers of the Consultative Group
on International Agricultural Research
Some approaches in CGIAR
climate change agenda
Better forecasts, policy options: provide local and
regional information that combines forecasting
knowledge with expertise in farming systems
Developing climate-ready crops capable of withstanding
increased temperatures, drought, and flooding
More efficient use of resources: improving farmers’
ability to use water efficiently and to better manage
fragile soils essential to adapt to the shocks of climate
change
Impact of Climate Change
At least US$ 7 billion per year in additional funding is
required to finance the research, rural infrastructure, and
irrigation investments needed to offset the negative
effects of climate change on human well-being
The mix of investments differs by region: Sub-Saharan
Africa requires the greatest overall investment and a
greater share of investments in roads, Latin America in
agricultural research, and Asia in irrigation efficiency
Source: Nelson, G.C. et al. 2009. Climate Change Impact on
Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. IFPRI, Washington D.C.
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr21.pdf
Daily per capita availability
Source: Nelson, G.C. et al. 2009. Climate Change Impact on Agriculture
and Costs of Adaptation. IFPRI, Washington D.C.
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr21.pdf
Sector analysis: Colombia
Porcentaje de fincas <10ha
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Palma
Banano
Café
Caña
Arroz
Cacao
100
Cambio en temperatura mayor a 2.5ºC
90
Cambio en ppt mayor 3%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Cacao
Palma
africana
Arroz total
Yuca
Papa
Frutales
Caña panela
Plátano no
exportable
Maíz
Café
0
Caña de
azúcar
Source: Andrew Jarvis, CIAT,
personal communication
100
Porcentaje de área con cambio
50-60% farmers (about 70% of
the agricultural work) are
smallholders
Agriculture accounts ~50% of
national GHG emissions
(Colombia accounts 0.37% of
global GHG emissions)
28.6% of agricultural products
from above 1200 m
Permanent crops (66.4% GDP)
will be severely affected
Evaluating technology options:
cassava improvement
Grey areas would get
no benefit from
drought or flood
tolerance.
Blue areas benefit from
drought tolerance
improvement
Purple areas benefit from
flood tolerance
improvement
An international SGRP initiative
hosted by Bioversity International
Goal
“To enhance the
sustainable management
and use of agrobiodiversity
for meeting human needs
by improving our
knowledge of all its
different aspects”
A new project undertaken by the Platform
for Agrobiodiversity Research and partners
Improve the information available to researchers and
others on use of agrobiodiversity to help cope with
climate change
Identify some key characteristics of production
systems around the world where agrobiodiversity is
likely to be particularly important for coping with
climate change
Explore ways of improving access to, and availability
of, new crop diversity from ex situ genebanks to
rural communities and indigenous peoples
Example: Working with indigenous peoples in Bolivia and
Sarawak together with PROINPA and the Sarawak Biodiversity
Centre
Source: Toby Hodgkin, Bioversity International, personal communication
Genetic dissection of drought tolerance
at CIMMYT
10 segregating populations
F2/3, F3/4 and RIL families /
hybrids
Mexico, Zimbabwe, Kenya
30 stress environments
About 350 morphological traits
About 70 physiological
parameters
About 3,000 QTL data points
Source: M. Bänziger et al., CIMMYT
CIMMYT heat-tolerance screening (leaf
chlorophyll content - LCC) for 2,225 wheat
landraces (Reynolds et al. 1999)
70
60
50
40
Low LCC
High LCC
Control
30
20
10
0
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Cropping systems ID {“hot
spots”}
Passport data analysis of accessions from
heat-stress prone areas (GIS tools)
Characterization data available from thermoscreening
Multi-site testing temperature data and crop
performance or any other assessment
Modeling “heat impacts” on crops in target
population of environments
Germplasm enhancement by
design
Guided- crop physiology H0 testing (leading to defining
ideotypes for crop breeding)
Temperature component fine-tuning in crop models
Instrumentation from remote sensing to trait recording
in the experimental fields or greenhouses
Molecular trait analysis – reverse genetics
Allele discovery, comparative biology (synteny)
Cross-breeding targeting “hot spots”
MAIN OUTPUT: Genetically-enhanced seedembedded technology (GESET) to “beat the
heat” and water stresses
Conservation agriculture: saving
resources and money
Conservation agriculture includes minimal soil
disturbance, retaining an adequate cover of crop
residues, and use of economically viable crop rotations
Conservation tillage leads to net savings of diesel use
per hectare, greatly reduces water use, and lower CO2
emissions
Resource conserving technology practices provide a
better soil cover, moderate soil temperatures, and
reduce the evaporation of irrigation water
Reducing emissions of nitrous oxide
N2O a potent greenhouse gas
generated through use of manure
or N fertilizer
Reduced emissions (50% less)
possible in intensive irrigated
wheat systems by proper
amounts and timing of N
applications.
Use of infrared sensor to measure
yield potential as plants grow
Normalized Differential Vegetative
Index (NVDI)
Source: I. Ortiz-Monasterio, CIMMYT
Climate change in the Semi-Arid
Tropics
Source: D. Hoisington, ICRISAT, personal communication
The innovation paradigm in
agriculture
Impacts =
[Info, Knowledge, Technology] AgroEcosystems
Management Policy Institutions
People
indicates multiplicative interactions
The CGIAR Challenge Program
on Climate Change, Food
Security and Agriculture
A CGIAR-Earth System Science Partnership
joint undertaking with other partners
Further information
CGIAR Climate Change Challenge Program: Bruce Campbell, Director, CGIAR Challenge
Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, [email protected]
Agro-biodiversity: Marleni Ramírez, Director for Latin America and the Caribbean, Bioversity
International, [email protected]
Agro-forestry: Tony Simons, Deputy-Director General, World Agroforestry Center,
[email protected]
Arid Zones: Marteen van Ginkel, Deputy-Director General of Research, ICARDA;
[email protected]
Fishery: Patrick Dugan, Deputy-Director General, WorldFish Center, [email protected]
Food Policy: Mark Rosegrant, Director for Environment and Production Technology, IFPRI,
[email protected]
Forestry: Robert Nasi, Program Director, CIFOR, [email protected]
Livestock: John McDermott, Deputy Director General, ILRI, [email protected]
Maize, wheat (incl. conservation agriculture in respective cropping systems): Marianne
Bänziger, Deputy-Director General for Research & Partnerships, CIMMYT,
[email protected]
Potato, sweetpotato, Andes: Charles Crissman, Deputy-Director General, CIP, [email protected]
Semi-Arid Tropics: David Hoisington, Deputy-Director General of Research, ICRISAT;
[email protected]
Tropical agriculture (including bean-, cassava-, forage-, fruit- and rice- cropping systems):
Andrew Jarvis, Program Leader on Decision and Policy Analysis, CIAT, [email protected]
Water: David Molden, Deputy-Director General, IWMI, [email protected]