Transcript THE DRY FORESTS OF SUB-SAHARA AFRICA: OPPORTUNITIES …

Getting REDD right for
Africa
Godwin Kowero
Executive Secretary
AFRICAN FOREST FORUM (AFF)
THE DIVERSITY OF FORESTS
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The diversity of forest types and conditions in Africa is both
the strength and the weakness of the continent in devising
optimal forest-based responses to climate change.
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For each forest type and condition, there is need for data on
forest
cover,
deforestation,
degradation,
biomass
productivity and forest utilization, etc to determine the role
and capacity of the forests in mitigating, and adapting to,
climate change.
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The forests and trees are impacted by climate change and
also influence climate.
THREATS TO LIVELIHOODS
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Climate change poses a significant threat to African forests
and their role in society. Agricultural production and overall
access to food across the continent may be severely
compromised.
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With only basic farming technology and low incomes, many
African farmers will have few options to adapt and will
inevitably rely more on natural forest resources to survive.
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Any strategy to address climate change in Africa must also
enhance the livelihoods of forest-dependent populations.
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It is not clear how the bulk of the African population that
depends on natural forests for their livelihoods would access
the same, or receive alternative livelihood support, under
REDD.
MATCHING MECHANISMS TO FOREST CONDITIONS
Current and proposed mechanisms (CDM and REDD) will fare differently
under different forest types and conditions.
Example conditions influencing choice of mechanism:
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high deforestation rates are likely to be associated with forests close to
densely populated communities; .
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forest re-growth from abandoned farmland will likely exhibit higher
carbon dioxide sequestration rates than old forests in protected areas .
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a subsisting practice of agro-forestry.
The forest type and conditions will have to be ascertained for each situation
to provide the appropriate fit to either CDM or REDD arrangements.
AFRICA AND THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM-CDM
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It is difficult for Africa to adequately participate in CDM because of
the procedures, costs and capacity requirements for developing
qualified CDM projects.
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Political and tenurial uncertainties, together with unstable investment
environment, also diminish interest to invest in potential CDM projects
in the African forest sector.
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CDM is restricted to afforestation and reforestation as defined under
the Kyoto protocol, and this does not suit many African forestry
conditions:
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
the only places where afforestation for CDM is accepted are where
there has not been a forest in the last 50 years

reforestation can only be done where there was no forest on
December 31, 1989.
By April 2009, only three afforestation and reforestation projects
globally were approved for funding
REDD IN AFRICA
REDD aims at reducing emissions through avoided deforestation and forest
degradation
Adapting it to African conditions:
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Making REDD work for Africa requires recognising the complexity and
diversity of African forests.
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Making REDD work for Africa means recognising the crucial role that
forests and trees play in African socioeconomic development and
addressing the underlying causes of deforestation and degradation.
 Forests and trees support key sectors in many African economies,
including crop and livestock agriculture, energy, tourism and water.
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It also means being able to monitor and measure the impact of actions —
in particular how to set baselines.
 Most natural forests in Africa are under no form of management or
administration, which makes it very difficult to determine their true
coverage and what is in them.
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It also means learning from the failings of current strategies — in
particular the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
REDD IN AFRICA
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The form of REDD favoured by industrialised countries applies mainly to
dense forests such as rainforests.
 The current UNFCCC definition of ‘forest’ seriously limits the range
of lands that would qualify for REDD in Africa.
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This would benefit heavily forested countries such as the Democratic
Republic of Congo, but those dominated by sparse woodlands could fall
by the wayside.
 Africa has yet to have a common position on REDD.
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It is not clear how to ensure that compensation from REDD is distributed
fairly in countries where many people are subsistence farmers.
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REDD as it is now, is fairly limited in scope; it proposes to only
compensate landowners for not logging/harvesting wooded areas
MAKING REDD MORE INCLUSIVE
Interventions that hold significant potential to reduce deforestation
and degradation in African forests include:
1. Improvements in crop and livestock agriculture
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Most forest loss and degradation is due to crop farming and
animal grazing.
 Enhancing efficiencies in crop and livestock agriculture is key to reducing
deforestation and degradation in Africa.
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Support to intensification of crop and livestock agriculture
around forest margins could significantly reduce deforestation
and degradation:
improved security of land tenure,
► support for farm inputs and better livestock husbandry,
► promotion of agro-forestry,
► conservation agriculture
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POPULATION GROWTH AND AGRICULTURE
Note: (1) Warm humid dry forests,
(2) Warm sub-humid dry forests and
(3) Warm very dry wooded savannas.
Haveraan (1988).
Based on
POPULATION GROWTH AND AGRICULTURE
Dry forests (A) and Cropland (B) in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Cropland is based on Mayaux et al. (2003).
Tree Cover on Agricultural Land - Global
MAKING REDD MORE INCLUSIVE
2. Improvements in energy efficiency:
► The bulk of African domestic energy need is met from forests and trees.
 Need to improve the efficiency with which trees and forests are
harvested and converted to energy for both domestic and industrial uses,
in order to reduce deforestation and degradation .
3. Wood harvesting and processing:
► Logging and wood processing in many African countries is done inefficiently
and in many cases using old and obsolete equipment.
 Increasing efficiency in logging and wood processing has significant
potential to reduce deforestation and forest degradation.
4. Harvesting of other forest products:
► Many other forest and tree products are harvested inefficiently and
unsustainably, leading to forest degradation as much biodiversity (animals,
plants and insects) is extracted without consideration for its replacement.
 Introduction of sustainable practices can help to stem this source of
forest loss and degradation.
MAKING REDD MORE INCLUSIVE
7. Other land uses
► These include communication infrastructure (like dams, roads, railways
and power lines), large scale crop and forest plantations, and urbanization;
all of which will require land.
 If the land for these developments is taken from existing forests, this
will lead to considerable deforestation and forest and land degradation.
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For REDD to be effective in Africa it should take into account activities in
the full range of Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses (AFOLU).
8. Support for existing initiatives and programmes
► Existing national forest programmes (NFPs) in many African countries and
activities that implement various international agreements, initiatives and
conventions (like CBD, UNCCD, and UNFF-NLBI); all target unwanted
deforestation and forest and land degradation.
 Support to these initiatives in Africa will considerably facilitate the
attainment of the REDD objectives.
THE ROAD TO COPENHAGEN – UNFCCC COP 15
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African forests and trees are now receiving increasing global attention.
 The forests and trees are now seen at the centre of the socio-economic
development and environmental protection.
This provides a unique opportunity to bring these issues to the public at all
levels.
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African countries have little time to work out the details of their
requirements and to lobby the rest of the world before UNFCCC COP15 in
December 2009
 No new propositions will be considered in Copenhagen.
 African countries will need to put their proposals forward at one of
the two preparatory meetings ahead of the summit — in Bangkok in
late September and in Barcelona in early November.
For further information please contact:
Prof. Godwin Kowero
Executive Secretary
African Forest Forum (AFF)
c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
P.O. Box 30677 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel. +254 7224203, Fax: +254 7224001
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.afforum.org