Transcript International workshop on socio

Off the Shelf: Innovation in
family farming for sustainable
agriculture
Terri Raney, Editor
The State of Food and Agriculture
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
UN
ICABR
18 June 2013
Ravello
The State of Food and Agriculture
Editor-in-Chief
2002-2013
Planning for The SOFA 2014
Innovation in family farming for
sustainable agriculture
Why a SOFA on agricultural
innovation?
• World population is growing. Incomes are
rising. Demand for food is growing.
• Poverty and hunger is still pervasive.
• The natural resource base is more and more
constrained and at risk of degradation and
climate change.
Food consumption to 2050
(Kcal/person/day)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1969/71
1979/81
1990/92
2005-07
2030
2050
Industrial countries
Sub-Saharan Africa
Near East-North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
South Asia
East Asia
Source: FAO,
2011
Real food prices increasing?
Hunger is widespread and
persistent
… with stark regional disparities
350
Million undernourished
300
Increase of 64
million in SubSaharan Africa
Decrease of more than 100
million each in East and
Southeast Asia
250
200
150
100
50
0
Sub-Saharan
Africa
South East
Asia
South Asia
1990/92
East Asia
2010/12
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(2012).
Latin America
Other
developing
… and
increasingly
complex
malnutrition
problems
Small family farms are crucial to
the challenge
Systems at risk of degradation and
climate change
Sources of production growth
Land
Cropping intensity
Yield
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Developing
countries
sub-Saharan Near East & N. Latin America
Africa
Africa
South Asia
East Asia
World
Source: FAO, 2011
Yields much higher on irrigated land …
very scarce in SSA
2005/07 yield on irrigated land, tons per hectare (left-axis)
2005/07 yield on rain-fed land, tons per hectare (left-axis)
Irrigated land as percent of total harvested land (right-axis)
10
50
9
45
8
40
7
35
6
30
5
25
4
20
3
15
2
10
1
5
0
0
World
Source: FAO.
Developing South Asia Near East &
countries
N. Africa
East Asia
Latin
America
sub-Saharan Developed
Africa
countries
Strong competition for water in some
regions
Irrigation water withdrawal, cubic km (left-axis)
Pressure on water resources due to irrigation, percent (right-axis)
1000
60
900
50
800
700
40
600
500
30
400
20
300
200
10
100
0
0
Near East & N.
Africa
Source: FAO.
South Asia
East Asia
sub-Saharan
Africa
Latin America
Developed
countries
Fertilizer use is very low in SSA
Ensuring sustainable productivity
growth in family farming requires:
• Generating and sharing technologies and
practices in and for family farms
• Reforming policies and institutions to remove
constraints and promote the use of practices
and technologies for sustainable productivity.
• Facilitating access of family farms to market
incentives as a driver and a source of
innovation.
• Promoting innovation capacity among family
farms.
The technical challenge of
sustainable productivity growth
•
•
•
•
Productivity growth stagnation and gaps.
Increasing stress on the natural resource base.
Climate change threatens traditional practices.
Ag. R&D and extension services to meet old
and new challenges.
The socio-economic challenges of
ensuring access to technologies
and practices
• More inclusive to meet needs of small farms.
• Markets and value chains as a driver of
innovation.
• Overcoming constraints to adopt practices
with positive private returns:
– High short term opportunity costs
– Financial constraints
– Risk aversion
Promoting innovation capacity
among family farms
• Individual innovation capacity (education,
training, gender gaps)
• Collective innovation capacity (ability of
farmers and others to organize effectively to
access markets, information, technologies
etc.)
• Broader enabling environment (policies,
institutions, governance etc.)
How you can help
• Research on various aspects of the challenge
• Examples of policy, institutions, incentives for
innovation
• Case studies of successful adoption of
sustainable practives
For more information …
The State of
Food and Agriculture
2013
Food systems for better nutrition
FAO‘s major annual flagship publication.
Available in English, French, Spanish,
Russian, Arabic and Chinese
www.fao.org/publications/sofa
#sofa2013
Resources
• The State of Food and Agriculture 2013: Food
systems for better nutrition (June 2013)
• World agriculture towards 2030/50 (2012)
• The State of the World’s Land and Water
Resources (2011)
• Background papers for the “Food Security
Futures” conference (FAO and IFPRI)
www.fao.org/publications
Land expansion potential,
concentrated in certain regions
Cropland currently in use, million hectares
Potential rain-fed cropland, million hectares
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
sub-Saharan
Africa
Latin America
Source: GAEZ-v3.0 in Fischer et al 2011.
Near East & N.
Africa
South Asia
East Asia
Developed
countries
High fertilizer use in East Asia; South Asia
and Latin America will follow suit
2005/07 fertilizer consumption, kg per hectare (left-axis)
2050 fertilizer consumption, kg per hectare (left-axis)
Growth, percent per annum (right-axis)
300
3.0
250
2.5
200
2.0
150
1.5
100
1.0
50
0.5
0
0.0
sub-Saharan
Africa
Source: FAO.
Near East & N.
Africa
Latin America
South Asia
East Asia
Developed
countries
Natural Resources for Food Production: Water
• The FAO projections indicate that the global demand for water
withdrawals from agriculture will increase by 11% from a 2006
baseline to 2050
• By 2050, more than half the world’s population will live in
countries with severe water constraints
Comprehensive Assessment of Water
Management in Agriculture, 2007
Systems at risk
• densely populated highlands in poor areas;
• small holder rainfed farming in semi-arid
tropics;
• densely populated and intensely cultivated
areas in the Mediterranean basin
• intensive rainfed cropping in temperate
climate;
• irrigated rice-based systems;
• crops depending on irrigation by