Transcript Slide 1

A New 50 Year Transport Plan
for Perth
Emmerson Richardson
1
What are the Drivers for Change?
> Climate change
> Road congestion
> Health and fitness
> Affordable living
> Road safety
Less dependence on and use of cars
2
We Have a Choice –
North American West Coast Comparison
City and Public Transport
Mode Share
Comment
Vancouver (British Columbia)
8% to 9%
Vancouver has put a reasonable effort into developing
its public transport system over most of the last 50 years
and has generally not built urban freeways within the
inner city area.
Portland (Oregon)
About 5%
Portland changed direction in the 1970s and has greatly
increased investment in public transport since that time.
Los Angeles (California)
2% to 3%
Los Angeles allowed its rail system to be removed and
its public transport system generally to fall into disrepair,
whilst it invested heavily in major road systems. More
recently, it has begun re-investing in rail based public
transport.
Which is the most liveable city?
3
What has Munich Done Right?
> Invested heavily in regional rail (S-Bahn) and subway (UBahn) since 1970 – four new U-Bahn lines since 1972
> 517 kms S-Bahn, 138 kms U-Bahn (with 100 stations) in
addition to traditional rail and bus routes
> Targeted investment to public transport
Annual per capita Investment in Infrastructure (Euros)
Public transport
Roads
Roads plus
public transport
Munich
221 (65%)
121 (35%)
342
Manchester
32 (18%)
149 (82%)
181
Glasgow
23 (11%)
216 (89%)
239
Source: WS Atkins, 2001
> One of the most vibrant cities in Europe
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How does Munich Compare with Like Sized
Cities?
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Melbourne – A Tale of Two Cities
Melbourne Mode Share 1997-1999
2/3
Car Driver
Car
Passenger
Public
Transport
Walk Only
Other
All Melbourne
43.7%
23.1%
6.6%
25.6%
1.0%
Inner
24.6%
9.7%
15.8%
48.3%
1.6%
Middle pre 1960
43.3%
21.5%
6.6%
27.5%
1.1%
Middle post 1960
49.8%
24.4%
4.6%
20.2%
1.0%
Outer Stable
49.9%
28.2%
3.6%
17.5%
0.8%
Outer Growing
49.6%
30.7%
3.1%
15.8%
0.8%
Region
1/3
2/3
4/5
Source: VATS 1997/1999
Where do Melbournians aspire to live?
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Liveable/ Sustainable Cities
>
Great places for social, cultural
and business exchange
>
Great public places – to walk
around or stay a while
>
Diverse mixed uses – leisure,
education, retail, employment and
a mix of housing types
>
Preserve heritage and create new
urban art
>
A human scale of urban design –
active interesting streets
>
Easy to access and move around
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Transport for Sustainable Cities
> Complement and fit the urban
form
> High capacity access without
high numbers of cars
> A walkable city – safe, secure,
comfortable and convenient
> A transit city – more than a city
with transit
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“The scientific evidence is now
overwhelming: climate change
presents very serious global risks
and it demands an urgent global
response”
Stern Review: The Economics of Climate
Change
“The threat from climate change is
perhaps the greatest challenge
facing our world. Without decisive
and urgent action, it has the
potential to be an economic disaster
and an environmental catastrophe.”
Former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair
(March 2007)
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - 4th Assessment Report, 2007
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Transport and Climate Change
> Currently 14% of emissions for
transport
> High growth in transport
emissions in Australia:
o 28.4% growth (1990 – 2004)
o 60.5% estimated growth (1990-
2020) under BAU
> UK + 26.4% (1990 – 2002)
> USA + 27.6% (1990 – 2004)
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Australia: Emissions by Vehicle Type
BTRE Report: 2002
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Transport and Climate Change – International
Comparisons
AUSTRALIA
UK
USA
20.1 million
60.3 million
296.4 million
Total greenhouse gas
emissions
565 mt/yr
656 mt/yr
7147 mt/yr
Total greenhouse gas
emissions per person
28.1 t/yr
100%
10.9 t/yr
39%
24.1 t/yr
86%
Greenhouse gas from cars
per person
2.07 t/yr
100%
1.04 t/yr
50%
3.95 t/yr
191%
Population
Analysis of data supplied under UN Framework on Climate Change, 2004
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Greenhouse Emission Characteristics –
International Comparisons
Total private
transport CO2
emissions per
capita
(kg/person)
Total public
transport CO2
emissions per
capita
(kg/person)
Total passenger
transport CO2
emissions per
capita
(kg/person)
% of passenger
transport CO2
emissions from
public transport
USA cities
4322
83
4405
1.9%
Australian/New
Zealand cities
2107
119
2226
5.3%
Canadian Cities
2348
74
2422
3.1%
West European
cities
1133
134
1269
10.6%
High income Asian
cities
688
162
825
19.7%
Region or Country
Source: Kenworthy, JR: Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Gases in Urban Passenger Systems: A
Study of 84 Global Cities
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Melbourne/ London Comparison
Source: Bus Association Victoria Transport Emissions Report
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Road Congestion
>
A major and growing concern in large
cities
>
Warren Centre Market Research
(Sydney) found:
o
Most important transport
problems;
•
42% traffic congestion
•
12% lack of public transport
•
11% reliability of public
transport
o
Most favoured transport solutions
(public and decision makers);
•
reduce traffic rather than
build more freeways
•
improve public transport even
at expense of roads budget
>
Private cars with low occupancy are a
major cause of congestion
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Impact of Road Building on Delay – America’s
20 Biggest Cities
Source: Urban Transport Monitor (1999)
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Impact of Public Transport on Travel
Demand – America’s 50 Biggest Cities
Increase/Decrease Compared to Bus Only System Cities
Indicator
Public Transport Ridership
(kms per person)
Car Driver Travel
(kms per person)
Traffic Safety
(Deaths per 100,000
persons)
Large Rail System
( 7 cities )
Small Rail System
( 16 cities )
Bus Only System
( 27 cities )
+ 500%
+ 50%
0%
- 20%
- 10%
0%
- 35%
- 15%
0%
Source: Rail Transit in America – A Comprehensive Evaluation of Benefits; Litman, T (2004)
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Health and Fitness
>
60% of Australian adults
overweight or obese (2.5 times
higher than 1980)
>
25% of Australian children
overweight or obese
>
US Surgeon General: “be
physically active for at least 30
minutes (adults) and 60 minutes
(children) on most days”
>
Walking (or cycling) as a part of
transport can make a difference
>
WA TravelSmart found improving
health and fitness was one of two
major motivators to use cars less
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Affordable Living
> Cost of running a car is expensive
Source: RACWA Website (2007)
* Excludes parking costs
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International Comparison – Expenditure on
Travel
Total private
passenger
transport cost as
a percentage of
metro GDP
Total public
passenger
transport cost as
a percentage of
metro GDP
Total passenger
transport cost
as a percentage
of metro GDP
Australian average
12.2%
1.2%
13.4%
US average
11.2%
0.6%
11.8%
Canadian average
12.9%
0.9%
13.7%
West European
average
5.6%
1.8%
7.4%
Asian average
3.6%
1.3%
4.9%
City or Region
Source: Kenworthy and Laube (2001) Millennium Cities, Database for Sustainable Transport
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Road Safety
> Worldwide, over one million people die each year from road
crashes and many millions more are injured
> More Australian lives lost in road crashes than the more
than 100,000 Australians killed in wars
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Transport Vision - 2060
> Fast, frequent public transport
> Car travel – an important
choice mode
> Reduced congestion in city/
town centres
> More efficient freight
movement
> Walking and cycling – modes
of choice
> Better, safer cycling networks
and a quality walking
environment
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Integrated Policy and Planning Framework
> Most cities have developed transport strategies with a theme
of reducing car dependence and improving public transport
> No large city in Australia has publicly committed to a plan to
implement its strategy
> There needs to be a commitment to ensuring future
infrastructure development supports agreed policy positions
> Establish principles for public transport planning
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An Integrated Land Use Development and
Transport Planning Approach
> Urban Development
o
o
o
o
o
High to medium density in
walking catchments of station
Permeable network of streets
that connect communities and
retain planning robustness
Mix of uses to encourage
walking and reduce driving
Integrate public transport into
city development (stops,
stations, vehicles, priority
routes)
A human scale of urban
design with active street fronts
and great public places
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An Integrated Land Use Development and
Transport Planning Approach
>
Transport Planning
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Connectivity before capacity in
road/ street design
Streets not roads in town and
regional centres
Permeable, legible street networks
with good walking and cycling
access
Parking and other demand
management measures to restrain
car use
Public transport first for access to
city and regional centres
Major roads generally outside
town centres to provide access to
industrial and car based uses
TravelSmart (behaviour change)
programmes to encourage travel
change
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The need for a Long Term (50 Year) Plan
A long term plan is needed now. It must:
> Be capable of meeting projected long term travel needs
> Address the community’s quality of life objectives –
specifically drivers for change
> Ensure efficient use made of existing infrastructure by
increasing people and freight moving capacity through
adaptation and renewal
> Assess short term projects for compatibility with long term
objectives
> Be funded and implemented continually and progressively
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Key Ingredients of a Long Term Plan for Perth
> Increase the capacity and frequency of the existing public
transport system on an annual basis
> Plan and construct new railways, busways and light rail
systems
> Increase the percentage of public transport services
operating on priority routes
> Accelerate the development of safe, quality walking and
cycling routes within and between centres
> Plan and develop high density mixed use communities
around transit stations
> Limit major urban road construction
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Increase Capacity of Existing PT System
> Increase number of rail cars on existing lines on an annual
basis
> Increase capacity of the bus system on an annual basis
> Enable PT peak spreading by increasing frequency and
capacity of bus system feeding rail during shoulder periods
– particularly the 6:00 – 7:30 pm period
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New Major Infrastructure Projects
> Extend NS Railway to Yanchep (including bus interchange
and bus feeder systems) – by 2015
> Introduce Stage 1 of Perth Inner City Light Rail – UWA to
East Perth – by 2015
> Introduce a network of busways or priority bus systems
linking centres – from 2015 (e.g. Cannington to Fremantle
via Murdoch)
> Plan and extend inner city light rail system – from 2015
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Accelerate the Development of Network City
> Substantial expansion of residential and mixed use
development around rail stations, e.g. Maylands, Bayswater,
Claremont, Cottesloe
> Remove zoning constraints within 1km walking distance of
major rail stations on NS railway, e.g. Warwick and
Whitfords
> Create special TOD precincts along established and
establishing transit corridors, e.g. Beaufort Street, Stirling
Highway, Rockingham Station to Rockingham Beach
corridor
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Limit Major Urban Road Construction
> Place a moratorium on major urban road construction
except where:
o
o
there is a genuine need and priority for freight vehicles
the road construction is primarily for public transport on priority
routes
> Consider reallocation of road space from general traffic to
public transport priority along important community activity
corridors
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Concluding Comments
> We are moving along an unsustainable path in our city
development and our transport planning
> Perth, like most other Australian cities, has accepted
sustainable transport planning strategies, but is doing too
little and moving too slowly to make any real difference
> We need to move quickly to develop and implement a long
term sustainable transport plan for Perth
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