Ozone Depletion I
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Transcript Ozone Depletion I
Environment
Of Polar Bears, Subsistence Farmers,
Florida Residents, and Scientists
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Environment: Global Issues
Climate change
Ozone depletion
Acid rain and persistent organic pollutants
– Some mercury in your tuna?
Tropical deforestation
– Loosing biodiversity fast?
Fisheries depletion/collapse
– No cod fish today?
Trade in pesticides
– Raspberries sprinkled with DDT?
Trade in hazardous waste
– Whose soil are your computer chips contaminating?
Trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
– Like those pig genes in your tomatoes?
Etc., etc., etc.
History of Environmental Cooperation
Domestic environmental movements: 1960s, 1970s
Global meetings on the environment
– Stockholm, 1972 -> UNEP
– Rio, 1992 -> Agenda 21
– Johannesburg, 2002 ->Plan of Imlementation
International environmental treaties/law
– Over 160 Multilateral Environmental Treaties
The Tragedy of the Commons
Garrett Hardin (1968).
Pasture: common resource
Each farmer increases the size of his herd
Commons degraded and cannot sustain
livestock
Individual rational behavior, results
in collective ruin to all
“Each man is locked into a system that
compels him to increase his herd
without limit in a world that is
limited. Ruin is the destination
toward which all men
rush…”(Hardin 1968, p. 41)
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ozone layer shields Earth from UV rays
Chemicals such as CFCs and halons release
chlorine (CI) in the upper atmosphere
Chlorine reacts with ozone molecules
-> less ozone
Health effects and effects on materials
Ozone Hole 2002
The Ozone Layer Regime
Vienna Convention (1985)
Montreal Protocol (1987)
– limits 50% reduction of CFCs, freeze on halons
Montreal Protocol amendments
» CFCs and halons eliminated;
» Over 90 substances regulated
Bringing developing countries in:
» Trade restrictions, 10 years grace period for compliance,
assistance
Explaining Ozone Cooperation
Hegemonic interests
The role of institutions
The role of domestic politics
The role of scientists, negotiators
The Climate Problem
Natural greenhouse effect, augmented by human activity
Anthropogenic emissions of CO2, NOx, methane and other
green house gases (GHGs).
GHGs accumulate, trap heat beyond natural bounds
Global Warming AKA Climate Change
Effects:
Temp increase 1.4-5.8C by 2100?
Sea level rise of 0.09-0.88m by 2100?
Increase in CO2 Concentrations
Effect on Global Mean Temperature
Climate Change Impacts
Melting Glaciers
Boulder Glacier, Glacier
National Park, Montana,
July 1932
Boulder Glacier, Glacier
National Park, Montana,
July 1988
Climate Cooperation
UN Convention on Climate Change 1992
– Adopted at the 1992 Rio Conference
Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Change Convention
1997
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Emission reduction targets for industrialized countries
Trading of emissions to reduce cost
Entered into force in 2005 after Russia’s ratification
US does not participate
Developing countries: no obligations to reduce emissions
Top Six Contributors to Global
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
USA
21%
1,890MtC
China
15%
1,349MtC
Rest of the World
35%
1,286MtC
524MtC
EU
14%
364MtC
501MtC
Japan
4%
India
5%
Russia
6%
The Future of Climate Cooperation?