Transcript City Networks

City Networks:
Learning through Patnerships
Zaragoza, Water Tribune 2008
Mila Freire
The World Bank
Outline
 Cities in Development – shifting paradigms
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Urbanization: from burden to opportunity
The role of public policy – easying the process
The challenges of servicing fast growing cities
Cities and global goods – climate change
 City Networks
 Rapid growth in number and themes
 Sector issues, policy concerns
 Reaching the less able; sharing the fruits of
knowledge
Cities in Development
 Old paradigm
 Too rapid urbanization; too large cities;
 Increasing slums and poverty
 Discourage migration to cities
 New paradigm
 Economic growth and change in structure
happens with concentration of people in towns
 Density is needed for productivity growth
 The challenge: how to ease urbanization
process, while minimizing congestion costs
 City population expected to double in 30 years
 Climate change – the new urgent agenda
Richer countries have higher
urbanization and density rates
1
.8
Korea
Japan
Germany
India
Brazil
South Africa
China
.4
.6
USA
Norway
Botswana
.2
 More rapid in the
beginning
 Slower at higher
levels of
development
Egypt
Ethiopia
Belize
0
Agglomeration Index
 Richer countries are
denser
 GDP per capita
grows with
urbanization
 Non-linear
relation
0
10
20
30
GDP per capita (thousands, PPP, 2000 constant US$)
40
Economic growth brings change
 Secondary sector
increases its share in
GDP; tertiary sector even
more.
 Dispersed activities (i.e.
agricultura) are replaced
by more concentrated
activities –
manufacturing
 Services become a
predominant sector
 Change is common in
developped and
developing countries
Cities: engines of growth and
service providers
 Within the uneveness of development some basic rules
to help urbanization process
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Basic services need to be provided to everyone regardless
whether in lagging or leading regions
Lack of services (access to water, education, health) should
not be the determinant for migration; but differences in
productivity and income.
Provision of water - part of the poverty-alleviation and part
of the ammenity and business climate agenda
 As urbanization continues, investment in connectivity
(urban transport) is required
 Targetted policies to promote inclusion (slums or
informality) become the main policies.
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Again, availability of water and sanitation is the most
effecive way to improve well-being at lower income levels,
Preparing for the future:
 Cities expansion: sprawl? Density?
 Angel projects a trippling of built land for a
doubling of urban population?
 Accurate of not, makes one think.
 Increased demand for land?
 Consequences on need for infrastructure, including
water?
 Is water availability a variable in the way our
cities are and will be growing?
 Is water being priced correctly?
 Lessons from Los Angeles or Phoenix
 Water disputes in West California.
The big challenge:
A billion in slums
Sustainable Cities
 Cities contribute for 60-70% of C02 emmissions
 The relation of C02 (per capita) grows at first but
then declines as consumers become more aware of th
need to be energy efficient
 Industrialzed cities have initiated very important
initiatives to curb influence of cities in CO2 emissions:
 Urban transport
 Building codes
 Encouragement to density (against sprawl)
 Adaptation: the challenge for cities in poored
countries
 Arid cities – lack of water
 Coastal cities – possible flooding and loss of assets
 The challenge: knowledge and governance
Urban vulnerability to climate change
DIRECT IMPACTS
 Sea level rise
 Flooding and
landslides
 Heat waves
 Water scarcity
 Decreasing water
quality
 Worsening air quality
 Ground ozone
formation
Djibouti-Ville flooded in April 2004
Urban vulnerability to climate change
INDIRECT IMPACTS
Environmental refugees
Djibouti, October 2004
 Frequency, intensity of
natural disasters
 Accelerated
urbanization
 Environmental refugees
 Increased energy
demand for heating or
cooling
 Epidemics, worsening
public health
 Availability and pricing
of foodstuff
2. City Networks
 City networks emerge from the need and “joy” to
share knowlege, experiences and successes.
 Can be national, regional and global.
 At present one has more than
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20 global city networks
More than 30 Regional networks
More than 100 National Netowrks
With webb pages, publication and regular stream of
information.
 Probably thousand of twin-cities arrangements, adhoc meetings and exchange programs.
 Excludes networks focused on specific sectors
Types of City Networks
Global
networks
13%
Regional
networks
12%
National
networks
75%
Global Networks
 Are organized by themes
 Eclei, C-40 for environment
 CA for urban upgrading and city development
strategy
 UCLG to represent a whole range of matters of
concern to municipalities, probably the most
representative of the global networks
 Have increasing political voice
 Often associated with UN
 Financed by bilateral and multilateral
donors
 Technically important
Sector City Networks
GHG abatement initiatives
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ICLEI “Cities for Climate Change” program
C40 cities partnership
Clinton Foundation
World Economic Forum
Carbon financing, carbon trading markets
DOE “Clean Cities”
EU incentives system for local governments
Regional Networks
 Important to share issues typical of
each region
 Special important in
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Europe including Eurocities
Latin America
Asia
Africa has a continental progrqam (MDP)
 UCLG has chapters in each Region
Country Networks
 Particular active in Asia (37)
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Philipines (4), Indonesia (5), Japan (9), India, Australia
(3), South Korea
 Latin America (16)
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Brazil (3), Argentina (3), Mexico (2), El Salvador, Chile (2),
Bolivia
 Europe and Central Asia (21)
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Bulgaria (3), Poland (2)
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South Africa has two active associations
Most African countries have municipal associations
Very important role played in the Rwanda reconciliation
process
 Europe (24)
 North America; USA (3), Mexico (1), Canada (1)
 Africa
Country networks (cont.)
 National networks are particularly
important in matters of decentralization,
tax policy and policy reform
 Brazil municipal associations were
fundamental to give municipalities full
power as federative entity during 1988
constitutional reform
 Honduras and Philipines associations have
major role in discussing revenue share, and
progressive decentralization of
responsibilities
Water-city Networks
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Water city networks were probably the first networks to be
created in the world
Water rights and negotiations have been among the first
documents to be found
How to use, allocate and solve dispute water uses have
illustrated and facilitate the exchanges accross cities
At present, most of the global, regional and country networks
have chapters focused on water issues.
And thousands of cities, regions and NGOs have their own
associations dealing with water and watr management.
EUKN, Eurocities, Urbact, and other networks are associated
The major challenge for most of the networks – from a
development view point is whether local knowledge can be
leveraged and shared especially with poorer municipalities and
local governments.
Thanks