Transcript Equine II - 3.01 Body Surfaces

EQUINE SCI 2 – UNIT 3
Objective 3.01: Understand body surfaces, systems, and how they function
FOUR BASIC SURFACES
• Dorsal: Upper surfaces of the animal
• Ventral: Lower (abdominal) area of the animal
• Anterior (Cranial): Head (front part) of the animal
• Posterior (Caudal): Tail (rear part) of the animal
BODY SYSTEMS
• Skeletal System: Made up of bone and cartilage that give the body shape
and protect internal organs
• Muscular System: Provides movement both externally and internally
• Digestive System: Converts feed into a form that can be used by the body
for maintenance, growth, and reproduction
• Urinary System: Maintains water and mineral balance while holding and
excreting wastes when needful
BODY SYSTEMS
• Respiratory System: Takes in
oxygen and delivers it to the
tissues and cells and picks
up carbon dioxide from the
tissues and cells to deliver to
the environment
BODY SYSTEMS
• Circulatory System: Distributes
blood throughout the body
• Nervous System: Supplies the body
with information about its internal
and external environment through
electrical impulse between the
brain, spinal cord, and others parts
of the body
BODY SYSTEMS
• Reproductive System: Contains the
organs necessary for the creating of
new organisms
• Endocrine System: Produces
hormones that influence vital
functions
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• The skeletal systems has:
• Two Main Divisions plus
articulations
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Axial Skeleton
• Consists of the bones in the trunk area which includes the skull, spine (vertebral
column), ribs and breastbone (chest cavity), pelvis, and tail
• Bones of the skull are flat or irregular in shape and form the framework for the
brain, mouth, eyes, and nasal cavities.
• The vertebral column consists of a flexible column of small bones (vertebrae)
that forms the basis of the skeleton
• Hip bones are 2 large flat bones attached to the spine and sacrum that form the
pelvis or pelvic girdle and cavity
• The ribs and breastbone (sternum) along with the thoracic vertebrae form the
chest cavity
AXIAL SKELETON
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Appendicular Skeleton
• Consists of the forelegs and hind legs that are used for locomotion,
grooming, and to some extent, for defense and feeding.
• The forelimbs have no skeletal attachments to the axial skeleton or
trunk, but are connected by muscles
• The hind limbs are attached to the pelvis at the hip joint
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Articulations (joints) are the union of two or more bones or cartilages
held together by ligaments, tendons, or a tough fibrous capsule.
• Joints are classified by their structure and movability
• Freely movable joints have a joint cavity between the two surfaces, the bones
are covered with a smooth cartilage, and the bones are held by ligaments
ARTICULATIONS
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Muscles are red, lean meat that
compose about 50% of the equine’s
total body weight that are stimulate
to contract or change shape by
nerve impulses from the brain and in
turn send nerve impulses back to
the brain indicating the degree of
contraction so that movement is
smooth.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
There are three basic muscle types
in the muscular system:
• Smooth Muscles are involuntary
muscles
• Sometimes called visceral muscle
• Found in the digestive system and in
the uterus of females
• Capable of prolonged activity
without fatigue
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Cardiac Muscles are involuntary
striated muscles
• Found only in the heart
• Contractions of the cardiac
muscles require no nerve stimulus
• Contractions are rhythmic and
require no conscious control
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Striated (Skeletal) Muscles are
usually attached to bones of the
skeletal system either directly or by
tendons and act voluntarily
• Bones serve as levers and the
muscles move the body voluntarily
under the direct control of the will
• Skeletal muscles are usually
arranged in opposite sets so that
one set of muscles bend the limb
(flexor muscle) and the other set
straightens it (extensor muscle)
• Voluntary muscles become
fatigued and need rest after a short
period of time
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Tendons eliminate undue friction to allow muscles to act more freely
• The tendon sheath is a synovial sac through which a tendon passes and which
provides synovia to lubricate the surrounded tendon.
• The tendon bursa does the same thing as the sheath except the tendon does
not pass through it. The tendon bursa is a synovial sac interposed between the
tendon and the surface over which it comes in contact which lubricates and
cushions the tendon
• Both are found mainly near joints