Transcript Connective Tissue

Chapter 40
Tissues of the Body
The Human Animal
• Coelom: Is the Body Cavity
– Divided into 2 parts
– Thoracic & Abdominal
• Body is organized
– Cells…tissues…organs…systems…
11 Principal Systems
1. Circulatory: Transport cells & materials
2. Digestive: Captures nutrients from ingested food
3. Endocrine: Hormones…coordinates activity of
body
4. Excretory: Removes wastes from body
5. Immune: Removes foreign bodies from
bloodstream.
6. Integumentary: Skin…covers the body.
11 Principal Systems Cont.
7. Muscular: Produces body movement
8. Nervous: Information & relays it to the
body.
9. Reproductive: Reproduction
10. Respiratory: Captures O2 & exchanges
gases.
11. Skeletal: Protects body & provides
support for movement.
Tissues
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
4 Main Types
Epithelium Tissue: Protective Tissue (Skin)
Connective Tissue: Support the Body
Muscle Tissues: Provides movement
Nervous Tissue: Conducts signals rapidly
Epithelium
•
Functions
– Protects from dehydration &
mechanical damage
– Provide selectively permeable barrier
– Secrete materials
• 3 Classes
1. Simple Epithelium
2. Stratified Epithelium
3. Glands
1. Simple Epithelium
•
Single cell layer thick
a) Simple Squamous: flattened, irregular
shape (Line Lungs & major Cavities)
b) Simple Cuboidal: full shape, equal
height & width (line respiratory tract &
ducts of testes.)
c) Columnar: full shape, height greater
than width (line respiratory tract &
ducts of testes.)
2. Stratified Epithelium
• Several Layers Thick
– Ex SKIN
• 3. Glands
– Produces different substances
– 2 types: 1) Exocrine glands: connected
to epithelium by a DUCT 2) Endocrine
glands: connected to epithelium ductless.
Connective Tissue
•
•
•
Derived from mesoderm
Composed of living cells imbedded in a
nonliving matrix
Divided into 3 categories
1. Defensive: matrix of blood plasma
2. Structural: matrix of fibrous proteins
3. Sequestering: acts as storage sites
Connective Tissue Cont.
• Defensive Connective Tissue
1. Macrophages: in blood & fibrous mesh
of tissues
a) Engulfs cellular debris & bacteria (foreign
material)
2. Lymphocytes: circulate in blood
a) Fighting infections (B cells & T cells)
3. Mast Cells (Blood vessels)
a) Enlarges the blood vessels to speed healing
process.
Structural Connective Tissue
1. Fibroblasts
a) Most common connective tissue
b) Secretes collagen: makes cartilage, tendons, &
bones
2. Cartilage
a) Possess great strength & flexibility
b) Tendons: connects muscle to bone
c) Ligaments: connects bone to bone
3. Bone: (206 Bones)
a) Cartilage fibers coated with calcium phosphate salt
Muscle Tissue
•
•
•
Derived from the mesoderm
Provides movement
3 types
1. Smooth: earliest to evolve (lines internal
cavities) Involuntary muscle
2. Skeletal: Striated muscle (Has Sarcoplasm)
a) Acts like a raft being towed by many small
canoes (Attaches to bone) Voluntary
muscle
3. Cardiac: Heart muscle
Nervous Tissue
• Composed of :
– Neurons: conducts an electrical impulse
• Dendrites: Receives impulses from other
cells
• Axon: Transmits nerve impulse away from
the cell body
– GIAL Cells: Bunch around axons
– Nerves are cluster of axons & Dendrites
Homeostasis (p. 895-899)
• Maintaining a stable internal conditions
– pH, Glucose, Body Temp., etc…
• Know difference between negative &
positive feedback
• What is the HYPOTHALAMUS
Skeletal System
Function Skeletal System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Locomotion
Support
Protection
Makes Blood
Storages of minerals (Ca, P, etc.)
206 Bones
• Axial Skeletal (80 bones)
– Ex. Spine, ribs, skull, sacrum, sternum
• Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
– Ex. Arms, legs, pelvic, & shoulders
• Ossification: making of bone
• Smallest bones found in the ear
– Stirrup (Stapes), Anvil (incus), Hammer (Malleus)
Joints
1. Hinge: moves in 1 plane…Knee & Elbow
2. Ball & Socket: moves in many directions…
Shoulder & Hips
3. Gliding: Between vertebrae of spine
4. Pivot: Neck
5. Angular: wrist
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
Tendons: Muscle to bone
Ligaments: Bone to bone
Synorial Fluid: Lubricates the joints
Cartilage: Soft bone
Muscle Attachment to bones
• By tendons
• Point of Insertion: attachment of muscle
to movable bone
• Point of Origin: attachment of muscle to
stationary bone
• Flexor: Bends joints
• Extensors: Straighten joints
• Antagonism: muscles working together
CLASSIFICATION
• APPEARED DURING PALEOCENE
EPOCH
• MONOTREMATA: EGG-LAYERS
DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS & SPINY
ANTEATER (ECHIDNA)
–
–
MARSUPIAL: POUCHED MAMMALS
PLACENTAL MAMMALS: 17
ORDERS
95% OF ALL ANIMALS
ORDERS
• MONOTREMATA: OVIPAROUS
– EGG LAYERS
– NOT COMPLETELY ENDOTHERMIC
– NIPPLELESS MAMMARY GLANDS
– DUCK-BILL PLATYPUS
– SPINY ANTEATER (ECHIDNA)
ORDERS CONTINUED
• MARSUPIALIA
– POUCHED MAMMALS
– SHORTEST GESTATION PERIOD
• (10-12 DAYS)
– OPOSSUM FOUND IN NORTH AMERICA
2 Essays
• How muscles work
(page 1066-1071)
• WS question #7
(Homeostasis)