Transcript Sports Med pOWERpOINT

Sports Medicine
HSC Option
How are sports injuries classified and
managed?
•
Ways to classify
– based on the injury’s history, cause and type
injury’s history,
1. A new injury occurring for the first time to a
particular body part is known as a primary injury
(for example, breaking a particular finger for the
first time).
2. If an injury is from a previous injury, due to poor
treatment or an injury that has not fully healed,
this is known as a secondary injury (for example,
having a shin splint injury return after a few
weeks due to poor treatment).
• Injuries can be classified according to
the cause of the injury.
• An injury can be caused by an internal
or external force and therefore classified
as direct or indirect.
– A direct injury is the result of an external
force impacting on a person.
– An indirect injury is a result of internal
forces within the body, and can be the
result of poor technique, lack of fitness or
poor equipment.
DIRECT INJURIES
Some injuries are caused by direct forces generated from outside the body.
Direct injuries result in;
• Fractures
• Dislocations
• Sprains
• Bruises
Examples of direct injuries include;
• A shoulder dislocation caused by a tackle in football
• A broken bone caused by a collision between two hockey players
INDIRECT INJURIES
These injuries are caused by an intrinsic force (a force within the body).
Indirect injuries normally occur as a result of;
• Inadequate warm-up
• Ballistic movements
• Excessive movement
• A fault in the execution of a skill
They are the result of excessive strain being placed on muscles, tendons
and
ligaments, causing irritation and possible damage.
Examples of indirect injuries include;
• A sprinter tearing a hamstring muscle during a race
• A volleyball player causing stress to ligaments in the knee joint
OVERUSE INJURIES
These result from intense or unreasonable use of joints or body areas.
Overuse injuries are provoked by repetitive, low-impact exercise such as
jogging or stepping.
Typical overuse injuries include;
• Anterior shin splints
• Tendonitis
• Injuries can also be classified based on
the type of injury
• Soft tissue injuries
– A soft tissue injury is related to body tissue
and generally results in internal bleeding.
– Body tissue consists of:
• muscles, which are made up of cells and allow
the body to move
• tendons, which are fibrous tissue that connects
muscle to bones
• ligaments, which are fibrous tissue that
connects bones to bones.
Soft Tissue Injuries
Tears and Contusions
A tear occurs when tissue is excessively stretched or severed. Two types of
tear are;
 Sprains – arise from the stretching or tearing of a ligament
 Strains – occur when a muscle or tendon is stretched or torn
Sprains
Ligaments are strong, rigid and relatively inelastic tissue. Their role is to
connect bone to bone, therefore providing joint stability. Sprains occur when
these ligaments are stretched or torn resulting in pain, swelling and the inability
to perform normal joint movements. Proper rehabilitation is recommended as
healing in the stretched position will cause permanent instability in the joint.
Healing is a slow process because ligaments have a relatively poor blood
supply.
Sprains can be classified according to the severity of ligament damage;
 First degree – little damage
 Second degree – moderate damage
 Third degree – extensive damage
Strains
Strains are different to tears in that they happen only to muscles and
tendons. They cause considerable pain and bleeding may cause
discolouration around the injury. Any movement in the form of
stretching and any pressure on or around the injury will result in
sharp pain.
There are three levels of strain;
 First degree – relatively little damage
 Second degree – moderate damage
 Third degree – extensive damage
Contusions
Impact with a player or object sometimes causes a contusion;
• Vary in intensity
• Some are superficial, remaining close to the skin
• Others penetrate deeply, causing bone to bruise
• Interrupt blood flow to surrounding tissue (causes a haematoma –
blood tumour – to form as the blood clots in the connective tissue
membrane)
• Internal bleeding into the area may continue for a period of time
Skin Abrasions, Lacerations, Blisters and Calluses
• All forms of skin trauma
• Cause by the application of force e.g. scraping or friction
• Cause concern and considerable discomfort
• Overuse
– An overuse injury occurs as a direct result
of a repeated force on body parts,
including bones, tendons and muscle.
– Common overuse injuries include shin
splints, stress fractures, tendonitis and
tennis elbow.
• Soft Tissue Injuries
– Tears, sprains, contusions, skin abrasions,
lacerations, blisters
• When the body’s soft tissues are injured, they
respond with a physiological reaction - the
inflammatory response.
• the body’s immediate natural response following a soft
tissue injury.
• The main functions of the inflammatory response are to
protect the injured tissue from further damage, remove
dead cells that have been injured, and enable the tissue
to regrow through the production of new blood cells and
tissue.
• The injury and repair process for soft tissue damage
– Step 1 Initial tissue damage.
– Step 2 Bleeding of the capillaries. Capillaries are
damaged, resulting in bleeding at the injured site.
– Step 3 Clot formation. When bleeding stops, blood clots
and forms a bruise.
– Step 4 Swelling of tissue. Tissue swells as a result of
fluid build-up at the injury site.
– Step 5 Secondary tissue damage. Further damage to
tissue can be caused as a result of movement to the
injury.
– Step 6 Removal of blood clot and tissue swelling. The
healing process in the body starts to break down the
blood clot and, as a result, the swelling of tissue
reduces.
– Step 7 Healing of tissue. If tissues does not
heal, a build-up of scar tissue can restrict
movement.
– Step 8 Regaining function. Normal
functioning at the site of the injury is
restored after the injury has healed.
• Management of soft tissue injuries
– Effective management of a soft tissue
injury is vital in the first 48–72 hours.
– Soft tissue injuries are best treated
combining two methods of injury
management: RICER and No HARM.
– These methods aim to:
•
•
•
•
reduce blood flow to the injured site
minimise the build up of scar tissue
reduce swelling
prevent further damage.
• Hard tissue injuries
• A hard tissue injury is one that relates to
the bones or teeth.
– Bones are the core component of the
skeletal system.
– If they are injured, this will impact on the
support and protection of the body.
• Hard tissue injuries
complete,
where the bone
is broken into
two parts
comminuted,
where there are
more than
two breaks in the
bone.
incomplete,
where the break
is only part-way
through the
bone
• Fractures can also be classified as:
• closed, where the broken bones does not pierce through the skin
• open, where the broken bone protrudes thought the skin
• complicated, where the broken bone damages a major nerve,
organ or blood vessel.
Closed fracture Open fracture Complicated fracture
• Causes and symptoms
– Fractures can be caused be either direct or
indirect force.
– Signs and symptoms of fractures include:
•
•
•
•
swelling
pain
deformity
limited movement.
• Management of a fracture
– Immobilising a fracture is important to lessen the
pain, reduce bleeding and shock, and prevent
further damage
• Managing a fracture involves
1 Follow DRABCD procedures.
2 Control any bleeding.
3 Identify the type of fracture.
4 Immobilise the fracture with broad bandages.
5 Ensure bandages do not cut off circulation.
6 Handle gently.
7 Call for medical help.
• Dislocation
– When bones are displaced from a joint,
– A dislocation can also result in damage to the
surrounding ligaments and muscles.
• Causes and symptoms
– Excessive force can move bones out of their joint
sockets.
– Shoulder and finger joints are more susceptible to
dislocations, as the surrounding ligaments are less
supportive.
• Signs and symptoms :
–
–
–
–
–
pain
swelling
limited movement
bruising.
deformity
• Management of a dislocation
• Managing :
1 Follow the DRABCD procedure.
2 Do not attempt to put the joint back in
place. (This must be done by a sports
specialist, as there is a risk of nerve
damage if the bone is not put back
correctly.)
3 Seek medical help.
• Assessment of injuries
– Minor and severe injuries can occur in a
wide range of sporting situations.
– When faced with an injured person, it is
important that DRABCD procedures,
– which may involve resuscitation, are
followed before the injury is assessed.
• If the injury is not life-threatening, a
sports medicine practitioner can go
through DRABCD as they enter the
sporting area.
• The next step is to apply the STOP
procedure:
– Stop - Get the injured athlete to stop what
they are doing and, if necessary, stop the
game to avoid any further damage
– Talk - Ask the injured athlete ‘What
happened?’, ‘Where does it hurt?’ and ‘Did
you hear anything?’
– Observe - Observe the injured area to see
if there is any abnormality.
– Prevent - Prevent any further damage by
conducting a more comprehensive
assessment using TOTAPS
TOTAPS
OBSERVE
TALK
TOUCH
ACTIVE MOVEMENT
SKILLS TEST
PASSIVE MOVEMENT
Worst sporting Injuries Ever