Transcript Final Review

Final Review
Organ Systems
What is the correct anatomical
position?
• Standing erect
• Face forward
• Palms forward
Know your directional terms
• Here are a few:
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Superior
Inferior
Dorsal
Ventral
Frontal
Ipsilateral
Keep going…..
Organize the following words
from smallest to largest.
• Organs, Systems, Cells, Tissues, Organelles
• Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems
What organ system forms the is
the outer covering of the body?
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Lymphatic
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
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What organ system is responsible
for gas exchange between the blood
and the external environment?
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
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Which organ system is responsible for
movement, posture, generating heat and
stabilizing joints.
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
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Which system is responsible for
the production of blood cells?
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
What system provides an internal
framework for the body?
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Lymphatic
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
Which system is pictured?
• Endocrine/ Exocrine
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This system is responsible for
transporting oxygen, nutrients,
waste, cell wastes, and hormones
Lymphatic
via blood.
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
Digestive
Cardiovascular
Reproductive organs, bladder,
and rectum are found in which
body cavity?
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A) Abdominal
B) Pelvic
C)Thoracic
D) Spinal Cavity
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Define the following words.
Anterior
Caudal
Inferior
Posterior
Superior
Dorsal
Ventral
The gall bladder, liver, stomach,
small and large intestine are
found in which body cavity?
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A) Abdominal
B) Pelvic
C)Thoracic
D) Spinal Cavity
The heart, lungs, and diaphragm
are found in which body cavity?
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A) Abdominal
B) Pelvic
C)Thoracic
D) Spinal Cavity
This system is responsible for breaking down
food to small particles which can be absorbed
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Lymphatic
by the blood.
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
Digestive
Cardiovascular
Valence electrons are either transferred or shared
in order to obtain 8 electrons in their outer most
shell. (most stable configuration)
Define Metabolism
• The sum total of the chemical reactions that
occur in the body.
This organelle is responsible for
breaking down glucose molecules
to make ATP.
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A) Lysosome
B) Mitochondria
C) Golgi Apparatus
D) Nucleus
This structure houses the DNA of the
cell, which controls cellular activity.
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A) Lysosome
B) Mitochondria
C) Golgi Apparatus
D) Nucleus
E) Cytoplasmic Reticulum
This organelle is responsible for
digesting and breaking down useless cell
structures and foreign bodies that enter
the cell.
• A) Lysosome
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B) Mitochondria
C) Golgi Apparatus
D) Nucleus
E) Ribosomes
This is the site of protein
synthesis in the cell.
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A) Lysosome
B) Mitochondria
C) Golgi Apparatus
D) Nucleus
E) Ribosomes
Define Tissue
• A group of SIMILAR cells which specialize
to form a specific FUNCTION.
• Includes: epithelial, connective, muscle, and
nervous
This type of tissue connects body parts, and is
the most widely distributed tissue in the
whole body and include bone, cartilage, and
blood.
• A) Epithelial
• B) Connective
• C) Muscle
• D) Nervous
This type of tissue is considered the
lining, covering, or glandular tissue
of the body.
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A) Epithelial
B) Connective
C) Muscle
D) Nervous
This type of connective tissue is
commonly called fat, and is used
as an insulator.
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A) Adipose
B) Loose Connective
C) Bone
D) Reticular Connective
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This type of connective tissue is highly
compressible and forms disks between
vertebrate in the spinal column.
A) Hyaline cartilage
B) Elastic Cartilage
C) Fibrocartilage
D) Adipose
Contrast simple epithelia and
stratified Epithelium
• Simple epithelia- one layer of cells
– Includes Simple Squamous , Cubodial,
Columnar
• Stratified epithelia- more than one layer of
cell
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This type of simple epithelia
tissue is found in walls of
capillaries, allowing for gas
exchange.
A) Simple Cubodial
B) Simple Squamous
C) Simple Columnar
D) Stratified Squamous
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This type of simple epithelial
tissue is a single tall layer of cells
often found in the digestive
system.
A) Simple Cubodial
B) Simple Squamous
C) Simple Columnar
D) Stratified Squamous
Skin
Quiz 5
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Protection, Excretion, Temperature
Regulation, and Vitamin D synthesis
are all functions of which organ
system?
Integumentary System - Skin
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Name some accessory Organs of
the Skin
Hair
Nails
Oil glands
Sweat gland
Is skin the same thing as the
integumentary system?
• No.
• Skin is a cutaneous membrane
• Integumentary system includes sweat and
oil glands, hair, and nails.
• Integument= covering
What is the jobs of the skin?
Pg. 95
• Regulates heat loss.
• Excretory functions for urea, salts, and
water.
• Water Retention
• Manufactures proteins
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Integrate with the nervous system for touch
sensation
What are the three layers of the
skin?
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What are the parts of the nail?
• Used for protection
• The root of the nail is embedded in the skin.
Grows from the nail matrix. The cells,
heavily Keratinized die.
• Extends along the nail bed.
• Lunula – moon shaped beginning of nail
Fig4.7 pg. 102 Lun= moon
What do the cutaneous glands
do?
• Exocrine glands that secrete onto the surface of the
skin. Sebaceous & Sweat
• Sebaceous Glands- Produce oil all over the body.
Sebum used for softening, water retention, killing
bacteria. Increases when testosterone is produced=
Oily skin.
• Sweat Glands- helps maintain homeostasis
• Eccrine Glands: Cover Body, Contain H2O, Salt, Vit.
C, Wastes, Lactic Acid
• Apocrine glands- auxiliary and genital areas. Ducts
empty into hair follicles.
Diseases of the skin: Name them and
their problems….
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Contact Dermatitis
Psoriasis
Impetigo
Cold Sores
Athletes Foot
Alopecia
Vitaligo and others…
Name the 3 levels of burns and
describe them.
• First Degree- epidermis is burnt (1st layer of
skin)
• Second Degree- epidermis and dermis are burnt
• Third Degree- burn goes down to the
subcutaneous level. Skin blackens, and nerves
are destroyed
Quiz 6 Skeletal System
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A bone cell is also called…
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A) osteoblast
B) osteoclast
C) osteocyte
D) osteoporosis
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.4c
What are the two types of bone
marrow and explain their location
and function.
• 1) Red bone marrow- in flat bones in adults
and all bones in babies. Creates red blood
cells.
• 2) Yellow bone marrow- in long bones of
adults. Stores fats.
Name the different joints of the
skeletal system?
• Immovable- sutures of the skull
• Slightly moveable- vertebrae of backbone
• Freely moveable- ball and socket joint of
shoulder
Name the four
steps to bone repair.
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1) Hematoma
2) Osteoclast
3) Osteoblasts
4) Osteocytes
Explain the following bone
diseases: Rickets, Osteoporosis,
Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Rickets- Vitamin D deficiency leading to the
softening of bone (symptom ex :bow legged ness)
• Osteoporosis- Lack of Calcium in the bone,
problems are exaggerated due to lack of vitamins
• Rheumatoid Arthritis- Autoimmune disorder,
joints are attacked and bone eventually wears
down.
What are the parts of the bone?
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Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum
PG. 114
Structural Classification of Joints
 Fibrous joints
 Generally immovable; bones connected
by fibrous tissue: sutures
 Cartilaginous joints
Moving Joints
 Immovable or slightly moveable; bones
connected by cartilage: spine
 Synovial joints
 Freely moveable; have joint cavity with
synovial fluid: elbow, wrist
Slide 5.45
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Unit- Quiz 7
A lack of ATP to the muscles will
cause…
• Muscle Failure and Cramping
Skeletal Muscles do all of the
following.
• Moves body- primary function
• Produces Body Heat
• Causes fluids to flow through the lymphatic
system
Skeletal Muscle
Quiz
Yourself
Name and Describe the muscle
movements.
• Flexion- decreases the angles between bones
(contracting your bicep)
• Extension- increasing the angles between bones
(straightening the arm)
• Dorsoflexion- foot moves up towards leg
• Plantar- Foot points down like ballerina
• Cirrcumduction- circular motion
Name the muscle tissues and
describe them.
• Cardiac- involuntary muscle of the heart
• Smooth- involuntary muscle used in the
digestive system. Also part of the
sympathetic nervous system.
• Skeletal- Voluntary muscle. Striated with
actin and myosin fibers.
General Stuff You Must Know
• 1) Be able to ID the Muscles of the body
and their location (pg 182-184)
• 2) Name and ID the major cavities of the
body
• 3) Name and ID the planes of the body
• 4)Name and ID the bones of the body
Nervous System
• And the brain
What are the 4 Major Parts of the
Brain?
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1) Cerebral Hemispheres
2) Diencephalon
3) Brain Stem
4) Cerebellum
How is the brain protected?
• Meninges: A connective membrane
covering the CNS.
• What are the 3 meninges?
• Dura Mater: Tough Mother
• Arachnoid Mater: Spider Mother,
Cerebral Spinal Fluid Flows between
Arachnoid and Pia Mater
• Pia Mater: Gentle Mother
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
What do they do?
• Frontal Lobe: concentration and
problem solving
• Temporal Lobe: interprets &
remembers visual and auditory patterns
• Occipital Lobe: visual area
• Parietal Lobe: speech, motor,
sensations
What is the job of the brain stem?
• Midbrain: Connects the
cerebrum to the rest of the
nervous system
• Pons: Control breathing
• Medulla Oblongata:
Controls heart rate, bp,
breathing, swallowing, and
vomiting
What is the job of the nervous
system?
• Sensory function: Detect changes in
and out of the body.
• Motor function: Effect Muscles &
glands.
• Integrative function: To connect the
Sensory and Motor function. Produces
thought.
What are the two major parts of
the nervous system and what are
they composed of?
• Central nervous system: Brain
and Spinal chord
• Peripheral nervous system: All
other nerves
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2 Major Sub-Parts of the
Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System
– Called Voluntary Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
– Involuntary Nervous System: Pgs.
225-227
Parasympathetic
– 2 Major Branches
vs.
Sympathetic
• Sympathetic
Nervous System
• Parasympathetic
What is nervous tissue?
• Neurons: or nerve cells. Conduct the
impulses.
• Neuroglial cells: nurse cells to
neurons. Protect, feed, speed up the
signal. There are many different types
for many different functions.
What are the parts of a nerve?
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Axon
Dendrite
Cell Body
Nucleus
Myelin
Node of Ranvier
How is an action potential
Action
reached?
Potential
• Change in nerve membrane
Explained
permeability. Na+ rushes in the nerve
is depolarized (loses its charge).
• K+ then rushes out which repolarizes
the nerve cell.
Action
• 1/1000 of a second. Both steps
Potential
together are the action potential.
• Active transport soon reestablishes the
resting potential.
What do muscles and nerves have
in common?
• All or none response. The nerve
impulse is either conducted or not.
The intensity of the signal does not
change.
What kind of neurotransmitters
cross the synaptic cleft?
• Acetylcholine: Muscles
• Epinephrine/ Adrenaline: Fight or
Flight
• Norepinephrine: almost the same as
epinephrine but has no effect on the
heart.
• Dopamine: brain functions: not
working= schizophrenia and Parkinson's
• Seratonin: suppresses pain impulses