Transcript 15 Traumatism. Primary and secondary prevention. First aid for

Traumatism. Primary and
secondary prevention. First aid
for injuries.
BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE
INJURIES
AND OPEN WOUNDS
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Fractures
Dislocations
Sprains
Strains
Open wounds
BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE
INJURIES
AND OPEN WOUNDS
 Signs
 DOTS
 Deformity
 Open wounds
 Tenderness
 Swelling
Bone and Joint Injuries
Variety of injuries can occur to bones and joints
• Frequently occur in accidents and falls
• Injuries may occur by themselves or together
• Examples:
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Fractures
Dislocations
Sprains
Strains
BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE
INJURIES
AND OPEN WOUNDS
 First Aid Interventions
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Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Fracture
• A break in the bone
• 2 types
– Closed or simple fracture
• Injury to the bone
• No external or open wound on the skin
– Open or compound fracture
• Break in the bone
• Open wound on the skin
Fracture
• Signs and symptoms vary and are not all
present in every victim
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Deformities
Limited motion or loss of motion
Pain and tenderness at fracture site
Swelling and discoloration
Protrusion of bone ends through the skin
Victim hears a bone break or snap
Victim feel a grating sensation or abnormal movement
First aid care
• Objectives of first aid care
– Maintain respirations
– Treat for shock
– Keep the broken bone from moving with
devices such as splints or slings
– Prevent further injury
– Obtain medical help for the victim
Dislocation
• Occurs when the end of a bone is
displaced from a joint or moves out of its
normal position within a joint
• Frequently accompanied by a tearing or
stretching of ligaments, muscles or other
soft tissue
Dislocation
• Signs and symptoms
– Deformity of joint or limb
– Limited or abnormal movement
– Swelling and discoloration
– Pain and tenderness
– Shortening or lengthening of affected limb
Dislocation. First aid care
• First aid care
– Basically the same as first aid for fractures
– Make no attempt to reduce the dislocation or replace
the bone in the joint
– Immobilize the affected part in the position in which it
is found by using splints and/or slings
– Avoid any movement of part because movement can
lead to additional injury to nerves, blood vessels and
other tissues in the area
– Obtain medical help immediately
Prevention
In children:
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Create a safe environment around your home.
Pay careful attention to preventing falls by gating stairways and keeping
windows closed and locked.
• Supervise children carefully. There is no substitute for close supervision no
matter how safe the environment or situation appears to be.
• Teach children how to be safe and look out for themselves.
In adults:
• Avoid falls by not standing on chairs, countertops, or other unstable objects.
• Eliminate throw rugs, especially for the elderly.
• Wear protective gear when participating in contact sports.
For all age groups:
• Keep a first aid kit handy.
• Remove electrical cords from floor surfaces.
• Use handrails on staircases.
• Use nonskid mats on the bottom of the bathtubs and avoid bath oils.
Sprain
• Injury to the tissues surrounding a joint
– Usually occurs when part is forced beyond its normal
range of motion
– Ligaments, tendons and other issues are stretched or
torn
• Common sites for sprains are the ankles and
wrists
• Signs and symptoms
– Swelling, pain and discoloration
– Impaired motion at times
Sprain
• Sprains frequently resemble fractures or
dislocations and injury should be treated as a
fracture if there is any doubt
• First aid for sprain
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Application of cold to reduce swelling and pain
Elevation of the affected part
Rest and limited or no movement of the affected part
Elastic bandage is used at times to provide support
Obtain medical help if swelling is severe or if there is
any question of a fracture
Prevention
• The following steps may lower your risk of a
sprain:
• Wear protective footwear during activities that
place stress on your ankle and other joints.
• Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.
• Avoid high-heeled shoes.
• Always warm-up and stretch prior to exercise
and sports.
• Avoid sports and activities for which you have
not trained.
Strain
Strain
• Overstretching of a muscle
– Caused by overexertion or by lifting
– Frequent site is the Back
• Signs and symptoms
– Sudden pain
– Swelling
– And/or bruising
Strain First aid
– Rest the muscle affected while providing support
– Bedrest with a backboard under the mattress is
recommended for a strained back
– Cold applications initially to reduce swelling
– Warm wet applications applied later because warmth
relaxes the muscles
– Obtain medical help for severe strains and all back
injuries
HEAD INJURIES
 Wounds
 Fractures
 Brain injuries
HEAD INJURIES
 Wounds
 Scalp
 Facial
HEAD INJURIES
 Brain injuries
 Concussion
 Contusion
 Compression
 First Aid
 Assess - CPR
 Treat for shock
 Position
 Prevent body heat loss
Prevention
• Always use safety equipment during activities that could
result in head injury. These include seat belts, bicycle or
motorcycle helmets, and hard hats.
• Obey traffic signals when riding a bicycle. Be predictable
so that other drivers will be able to determine your
course.
• Be visible. Do NOT ride a bicycle at night unless you
wear bright, reflective clothing and have proper
headlamps and flashers.
• Use age-appropriate car seats or boosters for babies
and young children.
• Make sure that children have a safe area in which to
play.
• Supervise children of any age.
• Do NOT drink and drive, and do NOT allow yourself to
be driven by someone whom you know or suspect has
been drinking alcohol or is otherwise impaired.
SPINAL INJURIES
 Responsive victim
 Unresponsive victim
 First Aid
 ABCDE
 Avoid unnecessary movement
 Treat for shock
Prevention
• Wear seat belts.
• Do not drink and drive.
• Do not dive into pools, lakes, rivers, and
other bodies of water, particularly if you
cannot determine the depth of the water or
if the water is not clear.
• Do not tackle or dive into a person with
your head
CHEST INJURIES
 Injuries to the chest wall
 Open
 Closed
 Lung injury
CHEST INJURIES
 Rib fracture
 Flail chest
 First Aid
 ABCDE
 Treat Cause
 Support chest wall
 Treat for shock
CHEST INJURIES
 Hemothorax
 Pneumothorax
 First Aid
 ABCDE
 Treat Cause
 Seal the wound
 Treat for shock
 Position
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
 Closed injuries
 Open injuries
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
 Closed injuries
 Blow to the abdomen
 First Aid
 ABCDE
 Treat for shock
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
 Open injuries
 Penetrating wound
 Protruding organs
 First Aid
 ABCDE
 Treat Cause
 dressing
 Treat for shock
BURNS
 Thermal
 Chemical
 Electrical
 First degree
 Second degree
 Third degree
BURNS
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First Aid
 Thermal
 Stop burning
 ABCDE
 Treat Cause
 Cooling
 Dressing
 Treat for shock
 Position
 Prevent body heat loss
First Aid
 Chemical
 ABCDE
 Treat Cause
 Remove chemicals
 Dressing
 Treat for shock
 Position
 Prevent body heat loss
First Aid
 Electrical
 Risk
 VF cardiac arrest
 Respiratory arrest
 Muscle spasm
 Safety!!!
 Assess - CPR
 Treat Cause
 Cooling
 Dressing
 Treat for shock
 Position
 Prevent body heat loss