Transcript Music - 高雄市立空中大學

Music: An Introduction
by Ruey Yen
音樂概論
嚴瑞祥
高雄空中大學文化藝術系
課程
聲音基本元素.
高雄空中大學文化藝術系
Chpt. 1:聲音、音高、力度、音色
• 世界充滿音樂
• 聲音可以是愉悅或刺耳
• 人可以專注於特定的聲音
• Can ignore sounds that do not interest us
• 聲音Sound:
• 物質振動的結果經由介質傳導由耳膜接受刺
激由腦處理
• Perceived by eardrums as vibrations
• Impulses sent to brain for processing
• 音樂：有組織的聲音
• 音樂的四個主要特質
• 音高Pitch
• 力度Dynamics
• 音色Tone color
• 音長Duration
Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
音高：聲音的高與低
• 以振動頻率來決定
• 樂音，頻率越快=音越高Generally, smaller vibrating
objects=higher pitches
• In music, definite pitch is a tone
• 一個音有一特定頻率
• E.g., 440 cycles (vibrations) per second
• Irregular vibrations create sounds of indefinite pitch
• 音程Interval ：兩音間的距離
• 八度Octave ：頻率倍增或倍減:
• Tones an octave apart seem to blend together
• 近代西方音樂將八度的音程等分12個音
• 非西方音樂有不同分法
• 大多數西方音樂使用7音的音階 (自然音階)
• 音域 Range ：
• 人聲或某樂器最低至最高的範圍
力度 Dynamics
• 聲音相對間的響度
• 與振動振幅相關
• 力度的改變可以是突然或逐漸
• 重音Accent: tone played louder
• 義大利文關於力
度的術語
• Extremes: ppp,
pppp, fff, ffff
pianissimo
pp
非常弱very soft
piano
p
弱soft
mezzo
piano
mp
中弱moderately
soft
mezzo forte
mf
中強moderately
loud
forte
f
強loud
fortissimo
ff
非常強very loud
• Crescendo:漸強
• Decrescendo (diminuendo):
漸弱
Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
音色Tone Color
• 聲音的特質
• 一般會使用明亮、陰暗、燦爛、圓滑等形容
• 不同的音色可以表現出對比和變化
• 音色同樣可以建立延續性
• 特定的旋律具有特有的音色
• 一段旋律經過樂器、人聲數目上或種類
的變化，也會有不同的變化產生
• 進年來電子科技的發展，更創造出許多
和傳統樂器不同的音色
Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
聆賞要點、聲樂導聆和聲音的屬性
• Aids to listening in this text are intended to be
read while listening to the music
• Listening outlines & vocal music guides:
• Listening outline: points out notable musical sounds
• Vocal music guide: vocal text w/ margin comments
• Outlines & guides preceded by music’s description
• Suggestion: while listening to one passage,
look ahead to the next passage’s notes
Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
Listening
Lohengrin (羅安格林)第三幕序曲
(1848)
by Richard Wagner (華格納1813-1883)
Prelude to Act III
Listening Guide: p. 10
Brief set, CD 1:1
Listen for: Texture
Contrast
Repetition
Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
Listening
《C-Jam藍調》(C-Jam Blues，1942)
Duke Ellington(艾靈頓)
和他的爵士樂團
Listening Guide: p. 12
Brief set, CD 1:5
Listen for: Texture
Contrast
Repetition
Improvisation
Muted brass instruments
Chpt. 2: 表演的媒介：人聲和樂器
人聲
音域：除了有天生條件外，還需透過訓練
• 主要的排列方式:
• 女人
• 女高音 soprano
• 女中音 mezzo-soprano
• 女低音 alto; contralto
• 男人
• 男高音 tenor
• 男中音 baritone
• 男低音 bass
• 聲樂表演經常是有伴奏的
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
樂器
• 製造音樂的器具 非人聲
• 西方樂器通常分為六大類：
• 弦樂器 string
• 木管 woodwind
• 銅管樂器 brass
• 打擊樂 percussion
• 鍵盤樂器 keyboard
• 電子音樂 electronic
• 器樂可以給獨奏者或一小群
• 一種樂器經常有不同的尺寸(為了音域)
• 一項樂器的音色也可能因為所在音區而改變
• 樂器也曾是一種身份的表徵
• 今日我們只用了一小部份的已知樂器
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
弦樂器
• 將絃的振動傳往琴身
• 絃愈長，音域愈低
• 管弦樂器的配備
•
•
•
•
小提琴
中提琴
大提琴
低音大提琴
• 常用的演奏技巧
• Pizzicato撥絃奏
• 雙音
• 抖音
• 弱音
• 有些絃樂器不用弓
• 吉他和豎琴廣泛的使用撥絃樂器
• 顫音
• 泛音
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
木管樂器
• 木管樂器傳統上以木頭所製的
• 在二十世紀，金屬和塑膠變的普遍
• 管子愈長音調愈低
• 當這些孔被打開時，其被振動的量即會改變
• 交響樂團裡常見的木管樂器的排列：
長低家族
單簧管家族
雙簧管家族
單簧管
單簧管
低音管家族
短笛
長笛
英國號
低音單簧管
低音管
倍低音管
• 木管樂器都要靠一片非常薄的竹片
• 會被吹入的氣流振動而發聲
• 吹嘴
• 單簧
• 雙簧
• 薩克斯風─在管樂隊也是屬於單簧木管樂器
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
銅管Brass Instruments
• Orchestral brasses (in order of range):
• Trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba
• Cornet, baritone horn & euphonium used mainly
in concert and marching bands
• Sound produce by blowing into mouthpiece
• Vibration of player’s lips produces sound
• Sound exits through flared end called bell
• Pitch changed in 2 ways:
• Pressure of player’s lips (together or against mouthpiece)
• Lengthening the instrument via slide or valves
• Trombone uses sliding tubes
• Others use valves connected to additional tubing
• Generally, the longer the tube, the lower the pitch
• Tone color is altered by inserting mute into bell
• Brass provides power and emphasis in music
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
打擊樂Percussion Instruments
• Sound (generally) produced by striking,
shaking, or rubbing the instrument
• Instruments of definite pitch produce tones
• Those of indefinite pitch produce noise-like sounds
Definite Pitch
Indefinite Pitch
Timpani (kettledrums)
Snare drum (side drum)
Glockenspiel
Bass drum
Xylophone
Tambourine
Celesta
Triangle
Chimes
Cymbals
Gong (tam-tam)
• Membranes, pieces of wood or metal vibrate
• Percussionists must play many instruments
• Percussion traditionally emphasizes rhythm
• 20th Century music—greater use of percussion
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
鍵盤樂Keyboard Instruments
• Use piano-type keyboard for control
• Capable of several notes at once
• Best known:
• Piano
• Created ~1700 & refined through ~1850
• Sound created when felt hammer strikes tight string
• Pedals affect sound
• 88 keys
• Harpsichord
• Important ~1500 through ~1775
• Sound produced by small wedges plucking string
• Pipe Organ
• Most prominent ~1600 to ~1750
• Wide range of pitch, dynamics, & tone color
• Sound produced by air being directed to pipes
• Pipe sets of various materials produce different tone color
• Pipe sets put in play by using knobs called stops
• Accordion
• Air bellows drives reeds controlled by keyboard & buttons
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
電子樂器Electronic Instruments
• Produce or amplify sound using electronics
• Invented ~1904, significant impact only after 1950
• Modern technology blurs lines between instrument
types, recording, computer, and hybrid devices
• Tape studio: main electronic tool of 1950’s
• Synthesizers came into use in 1960’s
• Huge machines first built in mid-1950’s
• Analog synthesis dominated until ~1980
• Digital (FM) synthesis came to forefront in 1980’s
• Effects devices were integrated into digital synthesizers
• Sampling technology advanced in 1990’s
• MIDI (1983) allowed connection of devices
• Small computers develop in 1970’s & 80’s
• Modern composers connect these devices,
use software, and write new types of music
Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
Listening
Young Person’s Guide to the
Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946)
by Benjamin Britten
Listening Guide: p. 40
Brief set, CD 1:13
Listen for: Themes, variations
Contrast
Repetition
Various orchestral instruments