Transcript Muscles - Back in the Game

Chapter 7
Muscular System
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Functions of Muscular System
• Body heat to maintain body temperature
• Body movement
• Body form and shape to maintain posture
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Types of Muscles
• Skeletal muscle
– Under conscious control
• Smooth muscle
– Not under conscious control
• Cardiac muscle
– In the heart only
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Animation – Types
of Muscle Tissue
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Characteristics of Muscles
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Contractibility
Excitability or irritability
Extensibility
Elasticity
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscle Attachments
and Functions
• Over 650 muscles in the body
• Muscles must be attached to bones for
leverage
• Muscles only pull, never push
• Attached to bone by tendons
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscle Attachments
and Functions
• Muscles are attached at both ends
• Attachments may be to bones, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons, skin or to each other
• Origin and insertion
• Prime mover and antagonist
• Synergists
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Sources of Energy and Heat
• Narrow range of normal body temperature
• 98.6 °F to 99.8°F
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
– Need oxygen, glucose, and other material to make
– By-product is lactic acid
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
• Myoneural stimulation
• Contraction of muscle proteins
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Effects of Aging
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Muscle atrophy
Fibrous tissue replaces the muscle tissue
Decrease in muscular strength and endurance
Loss of energy storage
– Fatigue
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscle Fatigue
• Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in the
muscles
• When not enough oxygen can be transported
to oxidize all the glucose
– Muscles contract anaerobically
• Excess lactic acid causes fatigue and cramps
• Need to repay oxygen debt
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscle Tone
• Muscle tone
– Muscles are always slightly contracted and ready to pull
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Proper nutrition and regular exercise
Isotonic
Isometric
Atrophy and hypertrophy
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Principle Skeletal Muscles
• Skeletal or voluntary muscles
– Move the skeleton
• Also control movement of the eyeballs,
eyelids, lips, tongues, and skin
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
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Location
Size
Direction
Number of origins
Location of origin and insertion
Not all muscles are named by above method
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscles
• 656 muscles
• 327 antagonistic muscles and two unpaired
muscles
– Orbicularis oris
– Diaphragm
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscles
• Head muscles
• Neck muscles
• Trunk and extremity muscles
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Control expressions
• Mastication
• Movement of the head
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Muscles
• Muscles of the upper extremities
– Shoulder, arm and hand movements
• Muscles of the trunk
– Breathing and movement of the abdomen and pelvis
• Muscles of the lower extremities
– Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Exercise
• Alters the size, structure, and strength of a
muscle
• Atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• Scar formation from injury
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Exercise
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Improved coordination
Improved respiratory and circulatory system
Elimination or reduction of excess fat
Improved joint movement
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Exercise
• Increase in muscle size
• Improved antagonistic muscle coordination
• Improved functioning in the cortical brain
region, where the nerve impulses that start
muscular contraction
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Massage Muscles
• Potential health benefits
• Terms used in massage therapy to describe
type of massage
• Location of surface body muscles
• Physiotherapy and general massage
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Electrical Stimulation
• Passing electrical currents through the skin
into the body for therapeutic uses
• Stimulate nerve tissue
• Do not produce heat or cold
• Used in physical therapy
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Intramuscular Injections
• Deltoid (upper arm)
• Vastus lateralis (anterior thigh)
• Dorsal gluteal or ventral gluteal (buttocks)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Musculoskeletal Disorders
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Muscle atrophy
Muscle strain
Muscle spasm
Myalgia
Hernia
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Musculoskeletal Disorders
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Flatfeet (talipes)
Tetanus (lockjaw)
Torticollis (wry neck)
Muscular dystrophy
Myastenia gravis
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Recreational Injuries
• Tennis elbow
• Shin splints
• Rotator cuff disease
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Treatment
• Short term treatment for sprains, tears, pulls
and other minor muscle of joint injuries
• RICE
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Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Edited by Dr. Ryan
Lambert-Bellacov
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Chiropractic physician &
Instructor at Heald College
Back in the Game www.bigsportsmed.com
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning