Transcript Chapter 12

Chapter 14
Human Locomotion
In humans, locomotion involves the
interaction of:
1. Bones
2. Cartilage
3. Muscles
4. Tendons
5. Ligaments
(I) Bones
• Composed mainly of
calcium
• Made up of living bone
cells and connective fiber
tissue
Bones provide:
• Support and protection of body
organs
• Anchorage for muscles
• Leverage for muscles
• Bone marrow for the production
of blood cells
Bone Marrow
• Found in hollow cavities of bone
• These hollow cavities are known
as the Haversian canals
• Produce:
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
Joints
• Where bone meets
bone in an organism
Types of Joints
1. Immovable joint
2. Ball-and-socket joint
3. Hinge joint
4. Gliding joint
Immovable Joint
• Bones that
are tightly
fitted
together
Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Can move
in all
directions
Hinge Joint
• Permits
back and
forth
motion
Gliding Joint
• Provides limited
flexibility in all directions
(II) Cartilage
• Unlike bone, cartilage is
flexible and elastic
• Found at joints, nose,
and ear
• Absorbs shock
Ossification
• The process by which cartilage
gradually changes into bone
Ex: In humans, the skeleton of
an embryo is made up of mostly
cartilage. By adulthood, most of
this cartilage changes into bone by
the process of ossification
(III) Muscles
Three types of muscle:
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscle
• Voluntary (can be
•
•
•
•
controlled)
Involved in
locomotion
Attached to bone
Striated in
appearance (striped)
Function as
antagonistic pairs
Antagonistic Pairs
• Muscles work as
opposites
Ex:
1. Bicep contracts
then triceps
relaxes
2. Triceps contracts
then the bicep
relaxes
http://www.innerbody.com/anim/arm.html
Summary
• When the bicep contracts, the
arm bends upward (flexes) and
therefore the bicep is known as a
flexor
• When the triceps contracts, the
arm extends outward and
therefore the triceps is known as
an extensor
Smooth Muscle
• Smooth are not striated
in appearance
• Involuntary (cannot
control movement)
• Found in:
-walls of digestive
organs
-walls of arteries and
veins
-walls of internal organs
Cardiac Muscle
• Found only in
the heart
• Striated in
appearance
• Involuntary
http://www.mco.edu/cci/movies/cardiacEM.mov
(IV) Attachments
1. Ligaments- connect bone to bone
2. Tendons- connect muscle to bone
(V) Disorders of Locomotion
1. Arthritis- inflammation of
the joints
2. Tendonitis- inflammation of
a tendon, usually where it is
attached to the bone