Transcript Injury Prevention, Safety, and Basic First Aid

Your Basic First Aid Kit should include:
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Disposable Gloves
Bandages (assorted sizes)
Antibiotic Ointment
Antiseptic Wipes
Triangular Bandage
Adhesive Tape
Scissors
Tweezers
Gauze Pads and Roller Gauze (assorted sizes)
Roller Bandages (assorted sizes)
Cold Packs
Breathing Barrier
Rescue Blanket
Universal Precautions are steps taken to prevent the spread of
disease by treating all human blood and other body fluids as if
they contain HIV, HBV, or any other pathogens.
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1. Always wear disposable latex gloves, and know how to remove them
properly.
2. Use a face mask with a one-way valve when performing rescue breathing.
3. Avoid touching objects that have had contact with the person’s blood.
4. Wash your hands with antiseptic hand cleanser immediately after giving
first aid.
5. Do not touch your mouth, eyes, or nose while giving first aid, or after
giving first aid until you have washed your hands.
When calling 9-1-1, remember the following:
1. Remain calm
2. Describe the exact location of the emergency. If you do not know the
address, naming the closest intersection or landmark is helpful.
3. Give your name, what happened, the number of people involved, the
injuries of those people involved, and the help that has already been
given (if any).
4. Give them the phone number of the phone you are using.
5. Listen carefully to all directions on how to care for the victim(s).
6. Do not hang up the phone until you are told to do so.
7. Stay with the victim(s) until help arrives, or continue to provide care if told
to do so.
Actual Consent
Oral or written permission to give first aid from a mentally
competent adult.
Tell the victim who you are, what you plan to do, and the first
aid training that you have had.
A parent or legal guardian must give consent for a child.
Implied Consent
The permission to give first aid to an adult victim who is
unconscious, or to an infant or child when no adult or guardian
is present to grant actual consent.
Good Samaritan Law: protects people who give first aid in good
faith and without gross negligence or misconduct.
A heart attack is the death of part of the heart muscle
caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart.
Cardiac Arrest is the death of the heart muscle.
Warning Signs
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Persistent pressure or pain in the center of the chest
Pain that spreads to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, or back
Dizziness
Sweating
Fainting
Difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
Moist face
Irregular pulse
A stroke is a condition caused by a blocked or broken
blood vessel in the brain. Blood is then unable to get
to all parts of the brain and some tissue dies.
Warning Signs
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Breathing rate may be slower than normal
Pupils may be unequal in size
Slurred speech
Blurred vision or loss of vision
Paralysis on one side of the body
Sever headache
Shock can occur due to a serious injury or illness.
It is a dangerous reduction of blood flow to body
tissue. Organs fail to function properly when they do
not receive oxygen. This can lead to collapse, coma, or
even death if not treated quickly.
Warning Signs
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Rapid, shallow breathing
Cold, clammy skin
Rapid, weak pulse
Dizziness
Weakness
Fainting
Treatment
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Have victim lie down
Elevate feet 12 inches above the heart
Perform CPR is necessary
Control external bleeding (if necessary)
Cover victim with blanket if he/she is
cold
DO NOT give them anything to eat or
drink
A Seizure is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. It
affects how a person appears or acts for a short period of
time. There are six types of generalized seizures.
Grand-Mal (Tonic-Clonic)
• Unconsciousness
• Convulsions
• Muscle Rigidity
Absence
• Brief loss of consciousness
• May stare blankly
Myoclonic
• Sporadic, isolated jerking
movements
Clonic
• Repetitive jerking movements
that occur on both sides of the
body
Tonic
• Muscle stiffness/rigidity
Atonic
• A general loss of muscle tone
which usually results in a fall
How to help a person who is having a seizure:
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Protect the person from injury
Gently guide him/her down to the floor
Move furniture and other objects that may injure the person
Turn person onto their side if you are able to do so
DO NOT place anything into the person’s mouth
DO NOT try to hold the person down
Try to time the length of the seizure
When to seek emergency help:
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It is the first time the person has had a seizure
The person stops breathing for more than 30 seconds
The seizure lasts longer than 3 minutes
The person having the seizure is pregnant
Bruise: damage to soft tissue and blood vessels which causes
bleeding under the skin
Incision: a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such as a knife,
razor, scissors, or broken glass
Laceration: a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the
skin
Abrasion: a wound caused by rubbing or the scraping away of
the skin
Avulsion: a wound in which the skin or other body tissue is
separated or completely torn away
Puncture: a wound produced when a pointed object pierces the
skin
1. Cover the wound with a clean cloth or dressing and
apply direct pressure with your hand.
2. If blood soaks through, do not remove first piece of
cloth; add more.
3. Do not remove any foreign object(s) that are lodged
deep in the wound.
4. Elevate the wounded body part above the level of
the heart.
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Wash minor wounds with water.
Wash around the wound with soap and water.
Apply antibiotic ointment.
Cover the wound with a bandage.
Switch the bandage at least once a day.
Watch for signs of infection which include:
- Swelling
- Redness
- Warm skin around the wound
- A throbbing pain
- Discharge from the wound (pus)
7. If the wound shows signs of infection, seek medical
attention.
First-Degree Burns
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Affect only the outer layer of skin (for example, sun burn)
Skin becomes red and dry, and area may swell
Painful to touch
Usually heals within a week
How to treat a first-degree burn
• Cool the burned area with cold water as soon as possible
(for at least five minutes).
• Apply antibiotic ointment to the area, and cover loosely
with a bandage.
Second-Degree Burns
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Affect the outer and part of the inner layer of skin
Blisters may develop
Burn will look pink or red, and appear to be wet
The burned area will be painful
Usually heals within two to four weeks
How to treat a second-degree burn
• Cool the burned area with cold water as soon as possible
(for at least five minutes).
• Apply antibiotic ointment to the area, and cover loosely
with a bandage.
• If the burn covers a large part of the body, treat for shock,
and seek medical attention.
Third-Degree Burns
• Affect all layers of skin and some underlying tissue (possibly fat
and muscle tissue, bones, and nerves)
• Skin appears charred, and underlying tissue may appear white
• If nerve endings are destroyed the burn will not be painful;
otherwise, it can be very painful
• Can take months or years to heal; sometimes skin grafting or
plastic surgery is required
How to treat a third-degree burn
• Treat the victim for shock
• If victim is not breathing give rescue breaths
• Cover the burned area with a sterile bandage, clean cloth or
sheet
• Seek medical attention as soon as possible
Fracture: a break or crack in a bone (it can be open in
which there is a break in the skin, or closed in which there is no
break in the skin)
Signs of a Fracture include:
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Pain
Swelling
Loss of movement
Deformity
When treating, keep the injured area from moving (use a splint if
appropriate), apply ice to the break, and seek medical attention
as soon as possible.
Dislocation: the movement of a bone from its joint
Signs of a Dislocation include:
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Pain
Swelling upon movement
Loss of movement
Deformity
When treating, splint above and below the dislocated joint,
apply ice to the injured area, and seek medical attention as soon
as possible
Sprain: an injury to ligaments, tendons, and soft tissue
around a joint caused by undue stretching
Signs of a Sprain include:
• Pain that increases with movement or weight bearing
• Swelling
• Tenderness
When treating, use the RICE Treatment (Rest, Ice, Compression,
and Elevation), and seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Strain: an overstretching of muscles and/or tendons
Signs of a Strain include:
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Pain
Swelling
Stiffness
Firmness to the area
When treating, use the RICE Treatment (Rest, Ice, Compression,
and Elevation), and seek medical attention as soon as possible
for a severe strain.
Heat Cramps: painful muscle spasms that occur most
often in the legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss
through sweating
How to treat Heat Cramps
• Have victim rest in a cool, shaded area
• Give the victim cool water to drink
• Stretch the muscle gently
Heat Exhaustion: extreme tiredness due to the inability
of the body temperature to be regulated
Symptoms include:
• Cool, moist, pale, or red skin
• Nausea
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Fast Pulse
• Weakness
How to treat Heat Exhaustion
• Have the victim rest in a cool place (lie down, elevate feet)
• Give the victim cool water to drink
• Observe the victim for signs of Heat Stroke
Heat Stroke: sudden attack of illness from exposure to
high temperatures
Symptoms include:
How to treat Heat Stoke
• Ceasing of sweating
• High body temperature
• Rapid pulse and respiration
rate
• Skin becomes hot and dry
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Unconsciousness
• Have victim rest in cool
place
• Remove heavy clothing
• Wrap victim in cool, wet
towels
• Place ice packs near neck,
armpits, and groin
• Continue cooling the victim,
and seek medical attention
as soon as possible
Frostbite: the freezing of body parts, often the tissues
of the extremities (fingers, toes, ears, nose)
Symptoms include:
• Numbness in the affected area
• Waxy appearance of skin
• Skin that is cold to the touch
• Skin discoloration
Seek medical attention immediately!
Treatment for Frostbite when medical attention is not
immediately available
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Remove any clothing or jewelry that interferes with circulation
Handle the affected area gently
Soak the affected body part in water that is warm, but not too
warm for someone who has not been exposed to the cold
(between 100 and 105 degrees Fahrenheit)
Warming usually takes 25 to 40 minutes until the tissue is soft
Apply warm, moist cloths to warm the ears, nose, or face
DO NOT rub affected body part or allow victim to walk on
frostbitten toes or feet, even after warming
Slightly elevate the affect body part
Place dry, sterile gauze between toes and fingers to absorb
moisture and prevent them from sticking together
Hypothermia: a reduction in body temperature so that
it is lower than normal (most cases are mild)
Symptoms include:
• Shivering
• Feeling cold
• Slowed pulse rate
• Irregular pulse rate
• Drop in body temperature
• A victim can become unconscious or even die if untreated
Seek medical attention immediately!
Treatment for Hypothermia when medical attention is
not immediately available
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Bring victim into a warm place
Remove any wet clothing and replace with dry clothing
Use an electric blanket or tub of water (no warmer than 105
degrees Fahrenheit) to warm the victim, but keep the arms and
legs out of the water or out from underneath the blanket
Place hot packs on the victim’s head, neck, chest, and groin, but be
sure not to burn him/her
If victim is experiencing “profound” hypothermia (body temperature is
below 90 degrees Fahrenheit), do NOT attempt to rewarm the victim.
Perform CPR only if there is no pulse.
Wait for medical personnel to transport the victim to a medical facility.
Poisonous Plants
Poison Ivy, Poison Sumac, Poison Oak
Symptoms include:
Treatment
• Skin redness
• Swelling
• Itching
• Wash affected area with soap and
water immediately
• Remove any clothing that may have
come in contact with it
• Use a cold compress to relieve
itching/swelling
• Take an antihistamine (Benadryl)
Poisonous Snakes
Coral Snake, Rattlesnake, Copperhead
Symptoms include:
Treatment
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• Treat for shock
• Keep the victim still to prevent the
poison from traveling faster
through the body
• Keep the bitten area below the
level of the heart
• Seek immediate medical attention
Pain at the site of the bite
Rapid pulse
Dimmed vision
Vomiting
Shortness of breath
Possible shock or
unconsciousness
Marine Animals
Jellyfish, Sting Ray, Sea Urchin
Symptoms include:
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Pain at the site of the sting
Itching
Swelling
Tingling/Numbness
More serious symptoms:
• Breathing difficulties
• Heart problems
• Paralysis
Treatment (sting ray, sea urchin)
• Remove the sting ray or sea urchin
• Flush the area with water
• Soak the area in hot water for 30
minutes to relieve pain
• Clean the wound and apply a
bandage
Treatment (Jelly Fish)
• Soak the area with vinegar,
rubbing alcohol, or baking soda as
soon as possible
Dangerous Spiders
Black Widow, Brown Recluse
Symptoms include:
Treatment
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• Treat for shock
• Keep the victim still to prevent the
poison from traveling faster
through the body
• Keep the bitten area below the
level of the heart
• Seek immediate medical attention
Pain at the site of the bite
Rapid pulse
Dimmed vision
Vomiting
Shortness of breath
Possible shock or
unconsciousness