Transcript Part Two - Cengage

Part Two
Population Processes
Part Outline
• 5 The Mortality Transition
• 6 The Fertility Transition
• 7 The Migration Transition
Chapter 5
The Mortality Transition
Chapter Outline
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Life Span And Longevity
Age And Sex Patterns Of Mortality
Causes Of Death
Measuring Mortality
The Mortality/Epidemiological
Transition
Life Span And Longevity
• Life span is the oldest age to which
human beings can survive.
• Longevity is the ability to resist
death.
• Life span is almost entirely a
biological phenomenon.
• Longevity has biological and social
components.
Longevity:
Biological Factors
• No more than 35% of the variability
in longevity is due to inherited
characteristics:
 Strength of vital organs
 Predisposition to particular
diseases
 Metabolism rate
Longevity: Social Factors
1. Social and economic infrastructure:

Distribution of wealth.

Purification of water and milk.

Vaccination against diseases.

Control of rodents and pests.

Availability of food, shelter and
clothing.

Whether acute care, long-term care
and medical assistance are available.
Longevity: Social Factors
2. Lifestyle
 Smoking
 Drug use
 Excessive alcohol use
 Fatty food
 Exercise
Highest Death Rates:
Young and the Old
Infant Mortality Around
the World
“Rectangularization” of
Mortality in the U.S.
Sex and Gender
Differentials in Mortality
• Women live longer than men.
 1900- Women could expect to live 2
years longer than men in the U.S.
 1975-The difference had peaked at 7.8
years.
 2000 - The difference has dropped to
5.4 years, but the survival advantage
of women is nearly universal among
the nations of the world.
Factors in Risk of Death
in Pregnancy
1. Lack of prenatal care that might
identify problems before they
become risky.
2. Delivering the baby somewhere
besides a hospital.
3. Seeking an unsafe abortion.
Causes of Death
•
Major reasons people die:
1. They are killed by infectious and
parasitic diseases.
2. They degenerate.
3. They are killed by products of
the social and economic
environment.
Leading Causes of Death
Cause of Death
Major
Category
Diseases of the
Degenerative
heart
Malignant
neoplasms
Degenerative
USA Canada Mexico
(2001) (1997) (2001)
29.0
26.6
15.9
22.9
27.2
12.7
Leading Causes of Death
Cause of Death
Major
Category
Cerebrovascular
Degenerative
diseases
Chronic lower
respiratory
disease
Degenerative
USA Canada Mexico
(2001) (1997) (2001)
6.8
7.4
5.8
5.1
4.5
2.5
Leading Causes of Death
Cause of Death
Major
Category
USA Canada Mexico
(2001) (1997) (2001)
Accidents
Social
4.2
4.0
8.0
Diabetes
mellitus
Degenerative
3.0
2.6
11.3
Influenza and
pneumonia
Infectious
2.6
3.7
2.6
Leading Causes of Death
Cause of Death
Major
Category
USA Canada Mexico
(2001) (1997) (2001)
Alzheimer’s
disease
Degenerative
2.2
n.a.
n.a.
Nephritis,
nephritic
syndrome, and
nephrosis
Degenerative
1.6
1.2
n.a.
Septicemia
Infectious
1.3
n.a
4.1
HIV/AIDS Statistics and
Features, End of 2003
Adults &
Region
children living
with HIV/AIDS
Sub-Saharan
25.0–28.2
Africa
million
North Africa
470 000–730
& Middle
000
East
Adult
prevalence
(%)
7.5–8.5
0.2–0.4
Adult & child
deaths due
to AIDS
2.2–2.4
million
35 000–50
000
HIV/AIDS Statistics and
Features, End of 2003
Region
South &
Southeast
Asia
East Asia &
Pacific
Latin
America
Adults &
children living
with HIV/AIDS
Adult
prevalence
(%)
Adult & child
deaths due
to AIDS
4.6 – 8.2
million
0.4–0.8
330 000–
590 000
700 000–1.3
million
0.1–0.1
32 000–58
000
1.3–1.9 million
0.5–0.7
49 000–70
000
HIV/AIDS Statistics and
Features, End of 2003
Region
Caribbean
Eastern
Europe &
Central Asia
Adults &
children living
with HIV/AIDS
350 000–590
000
1.2–1.8 million
Adult
prevalence
(%)
1.9–3.1
0.5–0.9
Adult & child
deaths due
to AIDS
30 000–
50 000
23 000–
37 000
HIV/AIDS Statistics and
Features, End of 2003
Region
Western
Europe
North
America
Australia &
New Zealand
Adults &
children living
with HIV/AIDS
520 000–680
000
790 000–1.2
million
Adult
prevalence
(%)
Adult & child
deaths due
to AIDS
0.3–0.3
2600–3400
0.5–0.7
12 000–
18 000
2 000–18 000
0.1–0.1
<100
Accidental Deaths
• 1/2 of all accidental deaths in the U.S.
are attributable to motor vehicles.
• Each year there are tens of thousands of
lives lost in traffic accidents in Canada,
the U.S., and Mexico.
 Tens of thousands more are injured and
face permanent disability.
• The victims are disproportionately young
males, and alcohol is involved in a high
fraction of cases.
Suicide
• About one million people each year
commit suicide.
• As many as 20 times that number
attempt suicide.
• Suicide rates rise through the teen years,
peak in young adult ages, plateau in the
middle years, and then rise in the older
ages.
• The suicide rate is considerably higher for
males than for females around the world.
Homicide
• Homicide rates are highest for young
adult males in virtually every country for
which data are available.
• The homicide rate peaks at ages 15 to
24.
 For white males at this age, the
homicide rate in 1998 was 12 per
100,000.
 Compared with 97 deaths per 100,000
for African-American males at this age.
“Real” Causes of Death
1. Tobacco
• Caused deaths of 19% of the 2,148,000
people who died in the U.S. in 1990.
 Tobacco is linked to:
• cancer deaths
• cardiovascular deaths
• chronic lung disease
• low birth weight
• deaths from burning cigarettes
“Real” Causes of Death
2. Diet and activity patterns
• Accounts for 300,000 deaths annually 14% of the total in 1990.
 Includes high consumption of
cholesterol, sodium, and animal fat
and a sedentary lifestyle.
 Contribute to heart disease and
stroke, cancers, and diabetes mellitus.
“Real” Causes of Death
3. Alcohol Misuse
 Contributes to death from:
• Cirrhosis
• Vehicle accidents
• Injuries in the home
• Drowning
• Fire fatalities
Premodern Mortality
• For most of human history, life
expectancy was 20 to 30 years.
 About 2/3 of babies survived to
their first birthday, and about 1/2
were still alive at age five.
• Around 10% of people made it to
age 65.
Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy
Deadliest Occupations in
the U.S., 2002
Life Expectancy, U.S., 2001
Race/ethnicity
Males
Females
Total population
74.5
79.8
75.0
80.1
68.4
75.3
White, nonHispanic
Black, nonHispanic
** Important note: the Male/Female stats are incorrectly reversed in the text. The stats
above are correctly applied. (The text will be corrected in the next reprint.)
Life Expectancy, U.S., 2001
Race/ethnicity
Males
Females
Hispanic
77.6
83.4
Asian/Pacific
Islander
82.0
87.2
American Indian
77.0
82.2
** Important note: the Male/Female stats are incorrectly reversed in the text. The stats
above are correctly applied. (The text will be corrected in the next reprint.)