Transcript Chapter 4 - Goodheart

CHAPTER 4
Safety and
Infection Control
Discussion
What is an infection?
• the invasion of body tissues by microorganisms
such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites
What is involved in maintaining safe conditions
in a healthcare facility?
• avoiding danger, risks, injury, and infection for
patients, healthcare workers, and visitors
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Safety
• Safety is the condition of
being protected from
danger or injury
• You will need to learn and
practice safety regulations
for the facility where you
work
• Regulations are usually
spelled out in the facility’s
safety manual
Ekaterina_Minaeva/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
General Safety Rules
• Certain rules are included in all
safety manuals
• Examples:
– Always hold handrails when
using stairs
– Never run in a hallway
– Do not prop open fire safety
doors
– Store items in a safe manner
– Obey evacuation routes posted
in the facility
wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Hospital Emergency Codes
• Hospital emergency codes
alert healthcare workers to
urgent situations
• These codes convey
information without causing
panic
• Examples of codes
–
–
–
–
Code Red—fire in the facility
Code Blue—cardiac arrest
Code Pink—child abduction
Code Black—bomb threat
wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Thinking Further
A disaster is any sudden event that brings great
damage, loss, or destruction. What are some types of
disasters that individuals in the healthcare profession
must be prepared for?
•
•
•
•
Terrorism
Catastrophic accidents
Earthquakes
Explosions
•
•
•
•
Fires
Tornadoes
Hurricanes
Gun violence
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Safety in the Science Laboratory
• There are significant safety risks in
the science laboratory
• Always adhere to safety guidelines
• Examples:
– Obey all the rules posted in the lab
– Be aware of all safety symbols in
the lab
– Wear protective safety equipment
as needed
– Familiarize yourself with the
location and operation of safety
equipment
Rob Byron/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Patient Safety
• Some patient safety
guidelines are universal
• Examples:
– Always identify the patient first
– Explain the entire procedure
and make sure you have the
patient’s consent
– Never perform a procedure for
which you are not trained
– Observe the patient carefully
for any changes in condition
or status
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Incident Reports
• An incident is any event
that is not a part of routine
operations
• Incident reports should be
used to document both
safety- and non-safety-related
occurrences
• An incident report must be
filled out accurately,
completely, and immediately
after the incident
Inga Ivanova/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Employee Safety
• It is important to maintain
employee safety as well as
patient safety
• The OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard
requires employers to educate
employees about chemical
hazards in the workplace
• Material safety data sheets
(MSDS) should accompany
every chemical used in a
healthcare facility
pedalist/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Thinking Further
What information does a
material safety data sheet
(MSDS) contain?
• A chemical’s makeup
• A chemical’s dilution
• A chemical’s mixture
concentration
• Instructions for use
Travis Klein/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Electrical Safety
• Failure to observe electrical
safety can result in burns,
severe skin damage,
unconsciousness, or even
death
• Do not overload any
electrical plugs or outlets
• Follow all electrical safety
regulations in a facility’s
manual
ajt/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Radiation Safety
• Radiation exposure can
occur near any machine
that uses radiation
• Factors involved in the
degree of exposure
–
–
–
–
Amount of radiation
Duration of exposure
Distance from the source
Type of shielding used
• ALARA principle: As Low
As Reasonably Achievable
Olivier Le Moal/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Fire Safety
• Fire can occur where the
three elements of the fire
triangle are present
– Fuel
– Heat
– Oxygen
• Follow the facility’s
evacuation routes and
emergency plans
• RACE: Rescue, Alarm,
Contain, Extinguish
Pixsooz/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Thinking Further
What are the five types of fire extinguishers? What does
each one contain? What is each one used for?
• Type A: pressurized water
– For ordinary combustibles
• Type B: carbon dioxide
– For flammable liquids
• Type C: dry chemical
– For electrical equipment
• Type E: multi-purpose dry
chemical
– For ordinary combustibles,
flammable liquids, and
electrical and equipment
fires
• Type D: class D dry chemical
– For combustible metals
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Body Mechanics
• Body mechanics relate to
the proper use of body
movements to prevent
injury
• Ergonomic practices seek
to maximize efficiency and
prevent discomfort or injury
• Follow ergonomic practices
when sitting, standing,
reaching, and lifting
Jeanette Dietl/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Quality Improvement and Safety
• Quality improvement (QI)
involves monitoring and
evaluating services for the
purpose of making them
better
• Safety criteria are a major
part of quality improvement
• Several government
agencies are involved in
protecting health and safety
kenary820/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Infection Control
• Healthcare facilities strive
to prevent the spread of
microorganisms that can
cause infectious disease
• Microorganisms include
bacteria, viruses, and fungi
• People who have
compromised immune
systems are more
susceptible to infections
Anna Jurkovska/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Bacteria
• Small, one-celled
microorganisms that
cannot be seen by the
naked eye; can be
pathogenic
• Bacteria can cause major
illness in our bodies
• Bacterial infections are
treated with antibiotics
Knorre/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Thinking Further
Myth or Fact?
Some bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics.
FACT
– Fact: Resistance can develop if patients
do not take all of their prescribed
antibiotics, antibiotics are prescribed when
not needed, or genetic mutation of bacteria
has occurred.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Viruses
• Viruses depend on a
living cell to survive
• They cannot reproduce
on their own
• Antibiotics do not kill
viruses
• Vaccines have been
developed against
many viral diseases
Jarun Ontakrai/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Other Pathogens
• Some fungi can cause
disease, including athlete’s
foot and certain lung
diseases
• Protozoa can cause amoebic
dysentery, trichomoniasis,
and malaria
• Rickettsiae are parasites that
can cause diseases such as
Rocky Mountain spotted
fever and types of typhus
Wire_man/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
The Chain of Infection
• The chain of infection illustrates
the sequence of events that
allows infection to invade the
body
• Modes of transmission include
direct contact, indirect contact,
and vectors
• Hospital-acquired infections are
called nosocomial infections
• Several methods are used to
break the chain of infection
Reservoir or
Host
Susceptible
Host
Portal of
Entry
Portal of
Exit
Mode of
Transmission
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Critical Thinking
What are two ways that healthcare workers
can help prevent the spread of infectious
diseases?
• Healthcare workers can practice good
hygiene, including frequent and proper hand
washing.
• Hospital employees and healthcare workers
can avoid coming to work when they are
sick with a contagious disease.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Hand Hygiene
• Hand hygiene is the
single most important
way to prevent the
spread of infection
• The CDC has issued
hand hygiene guidelines
for healthcare workers
• It takes at least 20
seconds to wash your
hands properly
nata-lunata/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Cleaning the Healthcare Facility
• Medical asepsis versus
surgical asepsis
• Three levels of cleaning
take place in healthcare
facilities to prevent the
spread of pathogens
– Sanitization
– Disinfection
– Sterilization
• To kill all microorganisms
on a surface, the surface
must be sterilized
Timof/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Thinking Further
Myth or Fact?
Using a warm air hand dryer after washing your
hands is more hygienic than drying your hands with
a paper towel.
MYTH
– Fact: Using paper towels greatly decreases the
amount of bacteria on the hands.
– Fact: Warm air dryers can increase the amount of
bacteria on the hands.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Preventing the Spread of
Bloodborne Pathogens
• OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens
Standard
• Several body fluids or elements
can transmit harmful pathogens
–
–
–
–
Blood
Semen and vaginal secretions
Amniotic fluid
Human tissue
• For safety, healthcare workers
should always proceed as if
these substances are infectious
Tyler Olson/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Patient Isolation
• Isolation separates patients
with certain infections from
other patients
• Isolation rooms may be used
• Protective gloves, gowns,
masks, and face shields serve
as barriers against infection
• Healthcare facilities use two
levels of isolation practices
– Standard precautions
– Transmission-based
precautions
Idutko/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Thinking Further
What are the three types of transmission-based
precautions used with patients who have highly
transmissible infections?
• Airborne precautions—protect against small airborne
droplets or dust particles containing microorganisms
• Droplet precautions—protect against large droplet
transmission, as in coughing or sneezing
• Contact precautions—protect against the spread of
microorganisms through direct or indirect contact
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Personal Protective Equipment
• OSHA requires that all workers
be provided with the appropriate
personal protective equipment
(PPE)
• PPE protects workers from
serious workplace injuries or
illnesses resulting from contact
with various hazards
• This equipment can include face
shields, safety glasses, goggles,
gowns, gloves, and face masks
ml/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Needlesticks and Other
Sharps-Related Injuries
• Needlesticks and other
accidental punctures of the
skin can spread infection
• Sharp objects and biohazard
wastes must be disposed of
properly
• The Needlestick Safety and
Prevention Act requires
employers to identify, evaluate,
and introduce safer medical
devices to avoid needlesticks
Sean Locke Photography/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Protocol for Disposal of Hazardous
Materials
• Hospitals are required to
have hazardous-materials
and waste-management
plans or protocols
• Facilities must train
personnel who come into
contact with hazardous
materials and waste
• Proper emergency
procedures must be in place
wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Recycling and Waste Reduction
• Most of the waste from a
healthcare facility is
nonhazardous
• Recycling procedures
should be used when
disposing of nonhazardous
materials
• Efforts should be made to
purchase products made
from recycled materials
Africa Studio/Shutterstock.com
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Critical Thinking
What are some examples of materials from
hospital waste that could be recycled?
• Paper waste is recyclable and includes
cardboard, high-grade office paper,
newspaper, and mixed paper.
• Other recyclable materials include plastics,
food waste, and disposable linens.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.