Transcript Unit 6: Communicable and Emergent Disease

Unit 6: Communicable and
Emergent Disease
Get Ready To Take Some Serious
Notes!
• Communicable Disease: A
contagious disease…it’s a
communicator, and
possibly mutates.
• Emergent Disease:
Disease coming from
within. Not
contagious.
Pathogens: Cause of Infectious
Disease
• Bacteria
• Fungus
• Single-Celled Organisms
• Parasitism
• Virus
Spread of Disease
• Physical Contact
• Airborne Particles
• Transfer of Body Fluids
• Animal Bites
Your Defenses
• Skin
• Mucus Membranes—Cilia, Saliva, Tears
• Digestive Enzymes
• The Immune System: The body must have
time to build up it’s defenses against a new
pathogen. Against a pathogen you have been
previously exposed to, the body is ready.
Inflammation
• The bodies response to injury and
infection. This promotes the healing
processes.
• Phagocytes
• Healing
The Lymphatic System
• A network of vessels in which a fluid called
lymph flows through the lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are like filters that contain
phagocytes and lymphocytes that attack
pathogens.
Lymphocytes
• B Cells
• Helper T Cells
• Suppressor T Cells
• Killer T Cells
Types of Immunity
• Active Immunity
• Passive Immunity
Stages of Infectious Disease
• Incubation Stage
• Prodromal Stage
• Acute Stage
• Recovery Stage
• Convalescence Stage
Preventing Infectious Disease
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Eat 3 balanced meals per day
Get plenty of rest
Exercise
Deal with stress appropriately
Avoid unhealthy substances
Do not share items
Practice good hygiene
Keep your immunizations up to date
Drink plenty of fluids
Take a multi-vitamin daily
Proper food refrigeration practices
Cook foods thoroughly
Is there an STD epidemic in the
United States?
• 2002: 12 million new cases
• 2010: 19 million new cases
• Yes, there is an STD epidemic
Reasons for the epidemic
• Unprotected sex with multiple partners
• Not getting treatment
• Lack of Education
• Lack of a parenting influence/role models
• Lack of symptoms
• Today’s “sex” society
• Substance abuse
Preventing the spread of STD’s
• Proper Education/Parenting
• Abstinence
• Sexual Fidelity
• Using Protection
• Avoiding bad environments
• Peer evaluations/criticisms
STD’s
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Syphilis
• Trichomoniasis
• Candidiasis
• Pubic Lice
STD’s
• Genital Warts (Human Papilloma Virus)
• Genital Herpes
• Hepatitis B & C
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Spread: Blood to Blood Contact (transfer)
Sexual intercourse
Sharing IV needles
Mother to infant during birth
Stages of HIV
• Asymptomatic Stage: Within 3-4 weeks: Flu-like
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symptoms, test for antibodies in 6-12 weeks.
Symptomatic Stage:(Persistent Symptoms)
Weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, fever, fatique.
AIDS: Functionless immune system.
Opportunistic diseases will strike: pneumonia,
TB, Flu, Kaposis sarcoma
HIV/AIDS Treatments
• “AIDS Cocktail”
• Highly
• Active
• Anti• Retroviral
• Therapy
Should HIV testing be mandatory
for all who live in the U.S.?
• The only way to stop the spread of HIV is
knowing who has the virus.
Emergent Disease
• Disease coming from within; not a
contagious disease caused by the spread
of pathogens.
• Largely caused by risk factors.
Cardiovascular Disease
• The Silent Killer!...high blood pressure
• Blood Pressure: 120/80 is normal
• Systolic pressure: the pressure during ventricular
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contraction.
Diastolic pressure: the pressure between contractions, or
the constant pressure.
Which of the two should you be more concerned about?
High Blood Pressure: Hypertension=140/95
1:4 adults have HBP and don’t know they have it.
Risk Factors for CDV Disease
• Hypertension
• Diets high in fat/cholesterol/sodium
• Lack of exercise and low activity levels
• Smoking
• Above average alcohol consumption
• Obesity
• Uncontrolled bacterial infections
Coronary Heart Disease
• Atherosclerosis: Plaque deposits on the
inside of the walls of the arteries.
• Arteriosclerosis: Arteries constrict and
have lost their elasticity.
• Angina: Chest pain associated with lack of
blood flow to the cardiac muscle.
• Myocardial Infarction: HEART ATTACK!
Cardiac muscle will die if blood flow stops.
Signs of a Heart Attack
• Uncomfortable pain or pressure in the
center of the chest—2 minutes or longer—
that radiates outward and upward to the
neck, shoulders, and arms.
• Severe pain, dizziness, fainting, sweating,
anxiety, nausea, shortness of breath, back
pain…
What do you do?
• Call 911!
• Sit them down, calm them down.
• Monitor their vitals.
• If they lose consciousness, begin
administering 1st Aid.
• Symptoms of a heart attack are
sometimes difficult to see.
Detecting CDV
• ECG: Electrocardiogram
• MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Echocardiogram
• Arteriography
CVD Treatments
• Balloon Angioplasty
• Coronary Bypass Surgery
• Pacemaker
• Transplant
Stroke
• A sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain.
• Cause: Blood Clot (thrombosis)
• tPA: tissue plasminogen activator (drug that
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quickly dissolves the blood clot). Time until the
drug is given is crucial.
Cerebral Hemorrhage: Burst Aneurysm
Aneurysm: Weak spot in a vessel causing it to
“bulge”.
Risk Factors for CVD
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Genetics
Ethnicity
Gender
Age
Weight
Nutrition
Exercise Levels
Stress Levels
Substance Abuse
High Blood Pressure
Cancer
• Rapid and uncontrolled growth of
abnormal cells.
• Malignant vs Benign
• Metastasis
Causes of Cancer
• Carcinogens: cancer causing agents
• Chemical: asbestos, arsenic, some
solvents, some pesticides, tobacco smoke
• Physical: Radiations: UV-Rays, X-Rays
• Biological: Virus, Bacteria, Heredity
Types of Cancer
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Skin
Lung
Oral
Colon/Rectal
Breast
Reproductive
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Detecting Cancer
• Change in bladder or bowel habits
• A sore that doesn’t heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge from rectum or
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vagina
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Biopsy/Blood tests
Treating Cancer
• Surgery
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Gene Therapy
Prevention
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No Tobacco
No Alcohol
Respect the sun
Eat low fat/cholesterol, High fiber foods
Exercise
Avoid unnecessary X-rays
Avoid contact with known carcinogens
Perform self-exams and regular check-ups.
Diabetes
• Disease in which the pancreas is
producing too little insulin or no insulin to
help us digest sugar.
• 1 in 20 Americans
• 150,000 deaths per year.
• Complications: blindness, heart disease,
stroke, kidney disease, and hard to heal
infections requiring amputation.
Type I Diabetes
• Insulin Dependent; Juvenile Onset
• High Blood Sugar: thirsty, frequent
urination, nausea, hunger, fatigue,
irritability, and weight loss. Can result in a
diabetic coma.
• Low Blood Sugar: trembling, nausea,
confusion. Skipping meals; could result in
Insulin Shock.
Type II Diabetes
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Adult onset
Insufficient levels of insulin being produced.
Not insulin dependent…yet.
Symptoms: hard to heal infections, drowsiness,
itching, blurred vision, numbness in extremities;
obesity and high sugar consumption is the main
cause.
Treatments: Strict nutritional practices, exercise,
and weight management.
Arthritis
• Inflammation or irritation of a joint.
• 1 in 7 Americans; no cure, just treat the
symptoms.
• Symptoms: swelling, morning discomfort,
recurring pain in any joint, redness or
warmth in any joint, weight loss, fever or
weakness combined with joint pain, and
loss of ROM of any joint.
Osteoarthritis
• Wear and Tear Arthritis: repeated injury.
• Hips, knees, spine, fingers, wrist, elbow,
ankles…
• Treatments: Corticosteroids, antiinflammatories, hot and cold treatments,
weight loss, exercise and rest, surgery.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Inflammation of the membrane
surrounding a joint. The inflammation
spreads to other areas of the body. Cause
is unknown, but suggested the immune
system is malfunctioning and attacking the
bodies cells in those areas.
• More women than men
• Joints will deform over time
Osteoporosis
• “Porous Bone”
• Loss of bone mass and structural deterioration
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of bone tissue. Leads to bone fragility and
increase susceptibility to fracture.
Prevention: Drink MILK, weight training, no
smoking or drinking, exercise, proper nutrition.
Discovered through bone density testing.
Unit 6 Study Guide
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Be able to identify, list, or discuss the following:
Infectious disease causes
Spreading of diseases
Immune system
Stages of infectious disease
When to seek medical care
Prevention of disease
Reasons for STD epidemic
Avoiding STD’s
Bacterial, Viral, and other STD
Stages of Syphilis
HIV infection and treatment
Cardiovascular Disease
Unit 6 Study Guide
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Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis
Risk Factors for Heart Attack
Signs of Heart Attack
Signs of stroke
Detecting Cardiovascular disease
Preventing Cardiovascular disease
Carcinogens
Types of cancer
Detecting and treating cancer
Cancer Prevention
Type I and II Diabetes
Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Vocabulary Terms