Transcript Ch 8 Demographic Transition

Population Increase in Mexico
Demographic Stages
Pre-industrial
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o
harsh living conditions
birth rates high
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o
death rates high
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high infant mortality rates
children in family used as work force (free labor)
lack of education about birth control/family planning
cultural & religious factors – favor large families
women marry young, begin reproducing at early end of
reproductive age range
few other options for women
famines, wars, plagues (infectious, epidemic disease)
(see list at end)
modest (little) population growth
Transitional
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industrialization begins
food production rises
cleaner water supplies
health care improves.
death rates drop and
birth rates remain high
population grows rapidly
Industrial Stage
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o
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Industrialization is wide spread
birth rate drops and eventually approaches
death rate
population growth is slow
decline in birth rate due to:
• better access to birth control
• decline in infant mortality rate
• increased job opportunities for women
• increased educational opportunities
• high cost of raising children (who may not
enter work force until after high school or college)
Postindustrial
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o
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Post Industrial Stage
• Low birth and death rates
• Population growth very slow
The birth rate declines even further,
equaling the death rate and thus reaching
zero population growth.
Then, the birth rate falls below the death
rate and the total population size slowly
decreases.
Factors that Reduce Death Rates
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Increased food supplies – led to better nutrition
Improvements in food storage
Advancements in medicine (treatment of disease)
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1942 – manufacturing process for a type of Penicillin
was invented
1945 – Nobel Prize for medicine given to Fleming,
Florey, and Chain for their work on penicillin.
Improvements in public health
• immunizations
• prenatal & neonatal care
Improved sanitation (waste removal)
Safer water supplies (stops spread of infectious
diseases, directly related to improved sanitation)
US Population
o
Between 1865 and 1890 a great wave of
immigrants came to the U.S., mostly from
northwest Europe (especially England, Ireland,
Wales, Germany, and Scandinavia).
Between 1890 and 1914, 15 million people
immigrated to the U.S., mostly coming from
eastern and southern Europe (Poland, Russia,
Ukraine, Slovakia, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary,
Greece, Rumania, and Italy).
According to the 1900 census, with an official
enumeration date of June 1, 1900, the U.S.
population was 76,212,168.
(www.encyclope dia.com)
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(www.encyclope dia.com)
o
(www.1900census.com)
US Population
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Natural increases (birth minus deaths) and
immigration are the two contributing factors to
U.S. population growth.