Transcript Unit 5: Animal Health & Welfare

Chapters 21 & 23
 Understanding
of the role of prevention in
animal health
 Knowledge of approaches to animal health,
medication administrations, and physical
signs of sickness
 Role of quality assurance & risk
management
 Public perception, ethics, environment, and
food safety concerns
 Need for activeness by producers in
decision-making processes
 Mortality
vs. Morbidity
• Death loss
• Sick loss
• Costly to profit
 Disease
• Any variation from what is considered normal
health
 Physiological, anatomical, or chemical
 Noninfectious
disease
• Injury
• Genetics
• Toxic poisoning from ingested materials
• Poor nutrition
 Infectious
disease
• Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites
• Contagious disease
 Which is better, prevention or treatment?
 Components of a Herd Health Mgmt.
Program
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Vet assisted planning
Sanitation
Proper nutrition
Record analysis
Physical facilities
Source of livestock
Proper medication use
Minimized stress
Personnel training
 Planning w/ a Vet
• Visit schedule
• Training of employees
• Useful record keeping
• Necropsy
 Sanitation
• Many disease causing microorganisms live &
multiply outside the body
• Manure and other organic waste are ideal
environments for their growth
 Proper
sanitation includes regular
cleaning of facilities
• Kills microorganisms due to temperature &
drying
 Antiseptics
• Applied to animal tissue to kill or prevent growth
of microorganisms
 Disinfectants
• Destroy pathogenic organisms, used on
inanimate objects
 Proper Nutrition
• Must keep the animal healthy
• Especially important during stress
 Record Analysis
• Does a health problem really exist?
• Identify health problems & treatment protocols
 Physical Facilities
• Injury or stress
• Even proper facilities can cause problems if not
managed effectively
 Source of Livestock
• Key to preventing outside health problems from
entering your herd
• Important points
 Purchase from reputable sources
 Controlled exposure to people & vehicles
 Provide sanitary clothing & boots to employees &
visitors
 Quarantine of new animals
 Controlling pests
 Keep animals out of drainage areas
 Biosecurity
Plan
• Management of all the issues regarding
movement of disease causing pathogens to/from
your herd by whatever means possible that
might affect herd health
• Plan includes?
 Proper
Medication use
• Biologicals-used to prevent disease
 Examples?
 What do they do?

Pharmaceuticals-treat disease
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Examples?
What do they do?
Administration
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4 ways to administer medications
1. Topically
2. Orally
– Through feeding, drenching, or balling gun
3. Injection
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Subcutaneous (SubQ)
Intramuscular (IM)
Intravenous (IV)
Intramammary
Intraperitoneal
Intrauterine
4. Intranasally
 Medications come in many forms
• Liquid
• Powders
• Boluses
• Drenches
• Feed additives
 Stress
• Any environmental factor that causes a
significant change in the animal’s physiological
processes
• Examples?
 Personnel
Training
• Difficult to manage
• Can be a difference between what the
owner/manager sees as problems and what
employees observe
• Affects Quality Assurance
 Early
identification is critical
 Visual Observation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Loss of appetite
Listlessness/depression
Droopy ears
Humped back, head in low position
Animal lagging from herd
Coughing, wheezing, labored breathing
Stiff, labored movement
 Vital
Signs
• Body temperature
 Taken rectally
 Elevation caused by overheating or infectious disease
 Subnormal indicates chilling, or critical condition
• Respiration rate
• Heart rate
 Effective
observation is Key!
Animal
Rectal
Temperature
Respiration
Rate
Heart Rate
Cattle
101.5
30
60-70
Swine
102.0
16
60-85
Sheep
103.0
19
60-120
Goat
102.0
15
70-135
Horse
100.5
12
25-70
Poultry
107.1
12-36
250-300
 What
are some major diseases?
• Beef Cattle
• Dairy Cattle
• Swine
• Horses
 Ensures
that producers are producing
products that wholesome, and offer
consumers the highest degree of
confidence
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Basic components of a good QA
program
1. List of critical control points
2. Develop & implement improved mgmt.
practices
3. Ongoing monitoring
4. High level of employee training
 Issues facing animal agriculture today
• Environment
• Diet-health
• Animal rights
• Socioeconomic
• Food safety
 Special interest groups have become
major influence on public policy
 Animal agriculture should be promoting
stewardship throughout their industries
 Number
of special interest groups is
growing
 Also indications that they are forming
coalitions to combine resources and
power
• Over 71,800 sites referring to “animal activist”
on the web
 Vital
that they stay in the public eye by
whatever means possible
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Risk assessment becomes important as
we evaluate virtually everything in
animal agriculture
Major issues tend to fall in 4 categories
1. Animal welfare
2. Diet-health
3. Environmental impact
4. Food safety
 Urban
sprawl continues to cause
problems with agriculture
• Rural PA survey
 33% complained about a neighboring farm
 57% concerned about odor
 18% flies
 Only 5% response rate
 Tends
to be a continuum of these groups
• Animal Exploitations
• Animal Use
• Animal Control
• Animal Welfare
 Humane Societies
• Animal Rights
• Animal Liberationists
 Animal
theme
welfare is not an Us vs. Them
• There are many issues to consider
• Animals do have rights which dictate that we
must have good animal husbandry practices to
assure good animal welfare
 Modern animal welfare concerns
• Production diseases
• Large animal units
• Physical & psychological deprivation due to
confinement
 Concerns w/ animals in research
• No suffering of pain
• No repeated invasive experiments
• Use of anesthesia when performing studies w/
drugs that cause paralysis
• Husbandry & housing should fit the animal
• Oversight is necessary
 These
issues are not going away, we must
find a way to deal with them and educate
the consumer
 Animal
care guidelines development by the
Food Marketing Institute and National
Council of Chain Restaurants
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Transport & unload animals in a manner that
prevents injury/distress
Nonambulatory animals should not be loaded for
transport to a market/harvest facility
Nonambulatory animals as a result of transport
should be unloaded appropriately
Animals should be handled humanely
Animals must be completely insensible prior to
harvest
• Additional concerns:
 Follow best management practices for rearing,
transport, and housing
 Minimized beak trimming, increased space
allocations/animal, eliminate tail-docking in dairy
 Application
of physical, chemical, and
engineering principles to biological
systems
• Blood factor VIII (hemophilia)
 Genetic Engineering
• ~20% of people have negative perception
• Wide range of perceptions
• However, a 2000 survey resulted in the following:
 57% approved if it improved the taste of food
 69% if it increase food production
 73% if pesticide use was reduced
 Example bST
• 5-15# increase in milk/d
• 2-10% increase in feed efficiency
• Completely safe to humans
 Example Cloning
• Low survival rate
• Accelerated aging
• Low reproductive efficiency
• Increase birth weight
• High cost ($15,000)
 Many
agencies, public and private, have
been created as a result of concern over
the environment
 Waste Management
• Manure management
 Use as fertilizer has both economic and
environmental benefits
• Odor Control
• Give some examples of new technologies in
waste management
 Water Utilization & Quality
• Key issues
 Nonpoint source pollution
 Direct ground or surface water contamination
 Amount of water used in agriculture
• Most prevalent in the West and Southwest
 Federal Lands
• Nat’l Parks, forests, etc.
 Endangered Species
• Act passed in 1973
• >7000 listed species
 Global Warming
• Issue with ruminant animals due to methane gas
emission
• No consensus as to whether this is actually occurring
• Methane also produced from many other sources
than ruminants
• Methane only accounts for 18% of greenhouse gas
emissions
 Ruminants only responsible for 7% of methane produced
 Driving a few miles to buy a hamburger causes more
greenhouse gas than was emitted to produce the
hamburger
 Conversion
of Agricultural Land
• Challenges preservation of wildlife habitat and
food production capability
 Diet
and Health
• Has great effect on our industry
 Ex. Beef has been allegedly linked to heart disease &
cancer
 Be wary of Junk Science
Warnings that have no or little factual basis
Quick-fixes
Good vs. Bad foods
Simple conclusions from complex studies or studies that
have not been peer reviewed
 Invalid studies or recommendations
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 So, what
is the cause of Atherosclerosis
(plugging of the arteries)?
• No conclusive evidence to support that diets high in
saturated fats cause heart disease
 Saturated Fats
• Animal fat
 Polyunsaturated Fats
• Vegetable fats
 Cholesterol
• We need 2,000 mg/d
• Dietary intake on avg. is 600 mg
• Body makes ~1,400 mg/d
• Not used unless it can bind w/ a water soluble
protein
 Dietary
Guidelines Alliance
• Be realistic-w/ small incremental changes in
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eating & exercise
Be adventurous-try new foods
Be flexible-balance food consumption &
exercise
Be sensible-enjoy all foods, don’t overeat or have
huge portions
Be active
 Food
Safety
• U.S. consumers enjoy the most plentiful food
supply in the world, and arguably the safest
• Joint responsibility
 Producers
 Processors
 Consumers
• Dangerous Temperature Zone
 40 to 140°F
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Food Hazards
1. Microbial contamination
2. Naturally occurring toxins
3. Environmental contaminants
4. Pesticide residues
5. Food additives
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Microorganisms
• Molds, yeasts, bacteria, parasites, viruses
• Disease causing MO’s called pathogens
 Residues
• Pesticides
• Hormones
• Food additives
• Organic animal products have no significant
influence on residues compared to conventional
 Organic & Natural Products
• Guidelines
 Edible poultry must from birds grown organically from d 2
of life
 Milk products must come from cows managed organically
for >1 yr.
 Breeding stock cannot be purchased in the last 1/3 of
gestation
• Further provisions regarding feedstuffs, health
products, records, and management
 Catastrophic
• BSE
Disease Outbreaks