Transcript Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare

Unit 3: Animal Health &
Welfare
Chapters 21 & 23
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Unit 3 Objectives:
– Knowledge of health challenges in animals
– Understanding of basic disease principles
– Appreciation for the proper use of
pharmaceuticals
– Comprehension of animal welfare issues
within agriculture
– Discussion of ethical principles
– Animal welfare vs. animal rights and the
public
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Mortality vs. Morbidity
– Death loss
– Sick loss
– Costly to profit
• Disease
– Any variation from what is considered normal
health
• Physiological, anatomical, or chemical
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Noninfectious disease
– Injury
– Genetics
– Toxic poisoning from ingested materials
– Poor nutrition
• Infectious disease
– Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites
– Contagious disease
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Prevention
– Which is better, prevention or treatment?
– Components of a Herd Health Mgmt. Program
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Vet assisted planning
Sanitation
Proper nutrition
Record analysis
Physical facilities
Source of livestock
Proper medication use
Minimized stress
Personnel training
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Planning w/ a Vet
– Visit schedule
– Training of employees
– Useful record keeping
– Necropsy
• Sanitation
– Many disease causing microorganisms live &
multiply outside the body
– Manure and other organic waste are ideal
environments for their growth
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– Proper sanitation includes regular cleaning of
facilities
• Kills microorganisms due to temperature & drying
– Antiseptics
• Applied to animal tissue to kill or prevent growth of
microorganisms
– Disinfectants
• Destroy pathogenic organisms, used on inanimate
objects
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Proper Nutrition
– Must keep the animal healthy
– Especially important during stress
• Record Analysis
– Does a health problem really exist?
– Identify health problems & treatment protocols
• Physical Facilities
– Injury or stress
– Even proper facilities can cause problems if
not managed effectively
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Source of Livestock
– Key to preventing outside health problems
from entering your herd
– Important points
• Purchase from reputable sources
• Controlled exposure to people & vehicles
• Provide sanitary clothing & boots to employees &
visitors
• Quarantine of new animals
• Controlling pests
• Keep animals out of drainage areas
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– Biosecurity Plan
• Management of all the issues regarding movement
of disease causing pathogens to/from your herd by
whatever means possible that might affect herd
health
• Plan includes?
• Proper Medication use
– Biologicals-used to prevent disease
• Examples?
• What do they do?
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– Pharmaceuticals-treat disease
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Examples?
What do they do?
– Administration
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4 ways to administer medications
1. Topically
2. Orally
– Through feeding, drenching, or balling gun
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
3. Injection
– Subcutaneous (SubQ)
– Intramuscular (IM)
– Intravenous (IV)
– Intramammary
– Intraperitoneal
– Intrauterine
4. Intranasally
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Medications come in many forms
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Liquid
Powders
Boluses
Drenches
Feed additives
• Stress
– Any environmental factor that causes a
significant change in the animal’s
physiological processes
– Examples?
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Personnel Training
– Difficult to manage
– Can be a difference between what the
owner/manager sees as problems and what
employees observe
– Affects Quality Assurance
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Detecting Unhealthy Animals
– Early identification is critical
– Signs of sickness
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Loss of appetite
Listlessness or depression
Droopy ears
Humped back, or head down
Isolation
Coughing, wheezing, or labored breathing
Stiff or labored movement
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– Vital Signs
• Body temperature
– Taken rectally
– Elevation caused by overheating or infectious disease
– Subnormal indicates chilling, or critical condition
• Respiration rate
• Heart rate
– Effective observation is Key!
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
Animal
Normal
Temp.
101.5
Resp. Rate
Per min.
30
Heart Rate
Per min.
60-70
Cattle
Swine
102.0
16
60-85
Sheep
103.0
19
60-120
Goat
102.0
15
70-135
Horse
100.5
12
25-70
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– What are some major diseases?
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Beef Cattle
Dairy Cattle
Swine
Horses
• Quality Assurance
– Ensures that producers are producing
products that wholesome, and offer
consumers the highest degree of confidence
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– Basic components of a good QA program
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List of critical control points
Develop & implement improved mgmt. practices
Ongoing monitoring
High level of employee training
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Assignment for the first half of Unit 3
– Review Questions of pg. 374
– Identify the disease challenges you face at
home, and what you do to manage them
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• Issues facing animal agriculture today
– Environment
– Diet-health
– Animal rights
– Socioeconomic
– Food safety
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• Special interest groups
– Narrow set of concerns and agendas
– Tends to be skewed toward upper-middleclass membership
• Unlikely that they represent a true cross section
politically or socially
• Communications they send to decision-makers
tend to be skewed as well
– Have the ability to pressure government into
making decisions
Unit 3: Animal Health &
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– Number of special interest groups is growing
– Also indications that they are forming
coalitions to combine resources and power
• Over 71,800 sites referring to “animal activist” on
the web
– Vital that they stay in the public eye by
whatever means possible
Unit 3: Animal Health &
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• Animal agriculture monitors these issues
carefully
– Help to promote stewardship
– Wholesome food production
– Careful animal husbandry practices
– Proper response to issues
– Areas we need to improve
• Membership motivation
• Proactive positions w/ media, gov’t, and public
• More financial support
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Assessing Risk
– Risk assessment becomes important as we
evaluate virtually everything in animal
agriculture
– Major issues tend to fall in 4 categories
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Animal welfare
Diet-health
Environmental impact
Food safety
Unit 3: Animal Health &
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• Urban sprawl continues to cause problems
with agriculture
– Rural PA survey
• 33% complained about a neighboring farm
– 57% concerned about odor
– 18% flies
• Only 5% response rate
Unit 3: Animal Health &
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• Animal Welfare
– Tends to be a continuum of these groups
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Animal Exploitations
Animal Use
Animal Control
Animal Welfare
– Humane Societies
• Animal Rights
• Animal Liberationists
Unit 3: Animal Health &
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– Animal welfare is not an Us vs. Them theme
• There are many issues to consider
• Animals do have rights which dictate that we must
have good animal husbandry practices to assure
good animal welfare
– Modern animal welfare concerns
• Production diseases
• Large animal units
• Physical & psychological deprivation due to
confinement
Unit 3: Animal Health &
Welfare
– Concerns w/ animals in research
• No suffering of pain
• No repeated invasive experiments
• Use of anesthesia when performing studies w/
drugs that cause paralysis
• Husbandry & housing should fit the animal
• Oversight is necessary
• These issues are not going away, we must
find a way to deal with them and educate
the consumer
Unit 3: Animal Health &
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• Biotechnology
– Application of physical, chemical, and
engineering principles to biological systems
• Blood factor VIII (hemophilia)
– Genetic Engineering
• ~20% of people have negative perception
• Wide range of perceptions
• However, a 2000 survey resulted in the following:
– 57% approved if it improved the taste of food
– 69% if it increase food production
– 73% if pesticide use was reduced
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• Example bST
– 5-15# increase in milk/d
– 2-10% increase in feed efficiency
– Completely safe to humans
• Example Cloning
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Low survival rate
Accelerated aging
Low reproductive efficiency
Increase birth weight
High cost ($15,000)
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• Environmental Issues
– Many agencies, public and private, have been
created as a result of concern over the
environment
– Waste Management
• Manure management
– Use as fertilizer has both economic and environmental
benefits
• Odor Control
• Give some examples of new technologies in waste
management
Unit 3: Animal Health &
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– Water Utilization & Quality
• Key issues
– Nonpoint source pollution
– Direct ground or surface water contamination
– Amount of water used in agriculture
• Most prevalent in the West and Southwest
– Federal Lands
• Nat’l Parks, forests, etc.
– Endangered Species
• Act passed in 1973
• >7000 listed species
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– Global warming
• Issue w/ agriculture due to methane production
from ruminants
• No consensus as to whether global warming is
actually occurring
• Methane 2nd to CO2 on list of important
greenhouse gases
• Also produced by anaerobic fermentation from:
– Wetlands
– Bogs
– Rice paddies
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• Realistically
– Methane only accounts for 18% of greenhouse gases
– Ruminants produce only 7% of world’s methane
– Conversion of Agricultural Land
• Challenges preservation of wildlife habitat and
food production capability
• Consumer Issues
– Diet and Health
• Has great effect on our industry
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Ex. Beef has been allegedly linked to heart
disease & cancer
• Be wary of Junk Science
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Warnings that have no or little factual basis
Quick-fixes
Good vs. Bad foods
Simple conclusions from complex studies or studies that
have not been peer reviewed
– Invalid studies or recommendations
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• So, what is the cause of Atherosclerosis (plugging
of the arteries)?
– No conclusive evidence to support that diets high in
saturated fats cause heart disease
• Saturated Fats
– Animal fat
• Polyunsaturated Fats
– Vegetable fats
• Cholesterol
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We need 2,000 mg/d
Dietary intake on ave. is 600 mg
Body makes ~1,400 mg/d
Not used unless it can bind w/ a water soluble protein
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Dietary Guidelines Alliance
– Be realistic-w/ small incremental changes in eating &
exercise
– Be adventurous-try new foods
– Be flexible-balance food consumption & exercise
– Be sensible-enjoy all foods, don’t overeat or have huge
portions
– Be active
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– Food Safety
• U.S. consumers enjoy the most plentiful food
supply in the world, and arguably the safest
• Joint responsibility
– Producers
– Processors
– Consumers
• Dangerous Temperature Zone
– 40 to 140° F
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
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Food Hazards
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Microbial contamination
Naturally occurring toxins
Environmental contaminants
Pesticide residues
Food additives
– Microorganisms
– Molds, yeasts, bacteria, parasites, viruses
– Disease causing MO’s called pathogens
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
• Residues
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Pesticides
Hormones
Food additives
Organic animal products have no significant influence on
residues compared to conventional
• Organic & Natural Products
– Guidelines
» Edible poultry must from birds grown organically from
d 2 of life
» Milk products must come from cows managed
organically for >1 yr.
» Breeding stock cannot be purchased in the last 1/3 of
gestation
Unit 3: Animal Health & Welfare
– Further provisions regarding feedstuffs, health products,
records, and management
• Catastrophic Disease Outbreaks
– BSE
• Summary
• Assignment for second half of Unit 3
– Find 3 websites of Animal Rights/Welfare
organizations
– Explain their agenda, and respond