Transcript menstrual irregularities and abnormal uterine bleeding

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Overview (STDs)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, venereal
diseases) are among the most common infectious
diseases in the United States today. STDs are
sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted
infections, since these conditions involve the
transmission of an infectious organism between sex
partners. More than 20 different STDs have been
identified, and about 19 million men and women are
infected each year in the United States, according to
the CDC (2010).
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Depending on the disease, the infection can be spread through
any type of sexual activity involving the sex organs, the anus,
or the mouth; an infection can also be spread through contact
with blood during sexual activity. STDs are infrequently
transmitted by any other type of contact (blood, body fluids or
tissue removed from an STD infected person and placed in
contact with an uninfected person); however, people that
share unsterilized needles markedly increase the chance to
pass many diseases, including STD's (especially hepatitis B),
to others. Some diseases are not considered to be officially an
STD (for example, hepatitis types A, C, E) but are infrequently
noted to be transferred during sexual activity. Consequently,
some authors include them as STD's, others do not.
Consequently, lists of STD's can vary, depending on whether
the STD is usually transmitted by sexual contact or only
infrequently transmitted.
Frequently, STDs can be present but cause no symptoms,
especially in women (for example, Chlamydia, genital herpes
or gonorrhea). This can also occur in some men.
Health problems and long-term consequences from STDs tend to
be more severe for women than for men. Some STDs can
cause pelvic infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID), which may cause a tubo-ovarian abscess. The abscess,
in turn, may lead to scarring of the reproductive organs, which
can result in an ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside the
uterus), infertility or even death for a woman.
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection), an STD, is a
known cause of cancer of the cervix.
Many STDs can be passed from a mother to her baby before,
during, or immediately after birth.
Because the method of becoming infected is similar with all
STDs, a person often obtains more than one pathogenic
organism at a time. For example, many people (about 50%) are
infected at a single sexual contact with both gonorrhea and
Chlamydia.
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STDs caused by bacteria
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)
Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhea)
Granuloma inguinale (Calymmatobacterium
granulomatis)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis)
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
STDs caused by viruses
Genital herpes (herpes simplex virus)
Genital warts (human papillomavirus virus [HPV])
Hepatitis B and D, and infrequently, A*,C*,E* (hepatitis
viruses, types A-E)
HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV virus])
Molluscum contagiosum* (poxvirus)
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STD caused by protozoan
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
STD's* caused by fungi
Jock itch (Tenia cruris)*
Yeast infections* (Candida albicans)
STD's caused by parasites
Pubic lice or crabs (Pediculosis pubis)
Scabies* Sarcoptes scabiei
For details about the pathogens that cause the diseases,
the reader is urged to search the specific disease by
simply clicking on it.
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STD caused by protozoan
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
STD's* caused by fungi
Jock itch (Tenia cruris)*
Yeast infections* (Candida albicans)
STD's caused by parasites
Pubic lice or crabs (Pediculosis pubis)
Scabies* Sarcoptes scabiei
For details about the pathogens that cause the diseases,
the reader is urged to search the specific disease by
simply clicking on it.
TRICHOMONIASIS
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common cause of vaginitis. It is a sexually
transmitted disease, and is caused by the
single-celled protozoan parasite Trichomonas
vaginalis producing mechanical stress on host
cells and then ingesting cell fragments after
cell death.[1] Trichomoniasis is primarily an
infection of the urogenital tract; the most
common site of infection is the urethra and the
vagina in women.
Symptoms
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Typically, only women experience symptoms associated with
Trichomonas infection. Symptoms include inflammation of
the cervix (cervicitis), urethra (urethritis), and vagina
(vaginitis) which produce an itching or burning sensation.
Discomfort may increase during intercourse and urination.
There may also be a yellow-green, itchy, frothy foul-smelling
("fishy" smell) vaginal discharge. In rare cases, lower
abdominal pain can occur. Symptoms usually appear in
women within 5 to 28 days of exposure. In many cases, men
may hold the parasite for some years without any signs
(dormant). Some sexual health specialists have stated that
the condition can probably be carried in the vagina for years,
despite standard tests being negative . While symptoms are
most common in women, some men may temporarily exhibit
symptoms such as an irritation inside the penis, mild
discharge, or slight burning after urination or ejaculation
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Diagnosis
Trichomoniasis is diagnosed by visually observing the
trichomonads via a microscope. In women, the examiner
collects the specimen during a pelvic examination by
inserting a speculum into the vagina and then using a
cotton-tipped applicator to collect the sample.
Treatment
Treatment for both pregnant and non-pregnant patients
usually utilizes metronidazole (Flagyl) but with caution
especially in early stages of pregnancy
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Complications
Research has shown a link between trichomoniasis and
two serious sequelæ. Data suggest that:
Trichomoniasis is associated with increased risk of
transmission of HIV.
Trichomoniasis may cause a woman to deliver a lowbirth-weight or premature infant.
Trichomoniasis is also associated with increased
chances of cervical cancer
Evidence implies that infection in males potentially
raises the risks of prostate cancer
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Prevention
Because trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted
disease, abstinence is the preferred method to avoid
contraction of this disease. Safe sex and hygiene
practices may also help prevent trichomonas infection.
Wear condoms.
Wash before and after intercourse.
Don't share swimsuits or towels. (Trichomonads survive
for up to 45 minutes outside the body.)
Shower immediately after swimming in a public pool.
Gonorrhea
Caused by aerobic gram-negative diplococci (Neisseria gonorrhea)
Gental – to gental contact Transmitted to newborn (ophthalmia
neonatorum)
Age younger than 20y
Symptom:
greenish –yellow purulent endocervical discharge
mens. Irregulaities, lover abdo. Pain, pelvic painvaginitis (vaginal
discharge), vulvitis , dysuria
Diagnosis
Culture should be obtained from, Endocervix, rectum
 test for chlamydial &syphilis are recommended also
 Management
 Cure are usually rapid with appropriate antibiotics
 Ex: one dose of ceftriaxone (125mg)
 Treat the husband also it is communicable dz need to be recorded
Syphilis
Caused by treponema pallidum (motile spirochete)
 Transmitted by kissing , biting , oral –genital sex
transplacental transmission may occur anytime
 Syphilis are complex dz can lead to serious systemic dz
& even death can occur if untreated
Symptom
 painless lesion (chancre)
 become ulcer
 rash on palm
 fever , headache
 malaise
Diagnosis
 Serology
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Syphilis
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Management
Penicillin G one dose (2.4 million unit)
Check up after one month recommend repeated Rt may
recommended