Transcript Animal Disease Surveillance and Control: Need Of an Integrated

Animal Disease Surveillance and
Control:
Need Of an Integrated Approach
Dr Barkha Sharma
Assistant Professor
Dept of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
College Of Veterinary Sc. & A.H.
UP Pt Deen Dayal UpadhyayVeterinary University
DUVASU
 Animal Diseases cause major economic loss through mortality,
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reduced productivity, lower fertility, condemned products and
restricted access to potential markets
Newly emerging animal diseases are known to cross over to
human population and vice versa
Approximately 60% of all known pathogens and 75% of
emerging pathogens are zoonotic in nature
Of all the newly emerging diseases encountered on daily basis ,
almost all are having their reservoirs in animals
Impoverished settings mostly in tropical developing world act as
hotspots for theses zoonoses.
World has seen epidemics of diseases like Avian Influenza, Swine
Influenza, FMD, RP, PPR, CBPP as well as RVF in the last two
decades
(Taylor et al., 2001)
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“Hot Spots” of the World
Southeast Asia
Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Amazon
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Mexico
Peru
Congo region
Angola
Burundi
Cameroon
CAR
Congo
DR Congo
Eq. Guinea
Gabon
Rwanda
Tanzania
Uganda
South Asia
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Factors in Emergence
 Microbial adaptation and change
 Host susceptibility to infection
 Climate and weather
 Changing ecosystems
 Economic development and
land use
 Human demographics and
behavior
 Technology and industry
Factors in Emergence
continued
 International travel and commerce
 Breakdown of public health
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measures
Poverty and social inequality
War and famine
Lack of political will
Intent to harm
Animal-Human Connection
People and animal interactions have a history of disease
transmissions
 West Nile virus passes from birds to people
via mosquitoes
 Lyme disease from mice to people via deer
ticks
 SARS virus jumped to people from palm
civets ?
 Avian flu in chickens transferred to humans
© CDC
© ebi bioinformatics
Economic Impact of Recent Zoonotic Epidemics
(Burroughs et al., 2002)
What is Animal Disease Surveillance
and why is it needed?
 Disease Monitoring is a continuous effort to assess the health and
disease status of a given population.
 Disease surveillance is a more intense form of monitoring
consisting of collection ,collation and interpretaion of data along
with targeted action (Thrusfield 2005)
 Disease surveillance has three components
1. a defined disease monitoring system
2. A predefined disease intervention strategy (directed action)
3. A defined threshold of disease frequency
 A disease Control programme (DCP) is the combined system
of monitoring and surveillance, disease control strategies and
intervention strategies that are employed over a prolonged
period of time to reduce the frequency of a specific disease
Need of an effective surveillance
system
 Recent global outbreaks of diseases
 Animal disease surveillance can serve as sentinels for bioterrorist
or natural infectious disease epidemics
 Surveillance systems can also contribute to the identification of
disease priorities at international , national and sub national levels
and lead to prompt recognition of emerging disease outbreaks
 To ensure effective global disease monitoring and surveillance,
many national and international organizations are working round
the clock , in consortium , to gain knowledge, and generate data
regarding disease surveillance which can be shared by those who
need it
Veterinary Information Systems (VIS)
 Collections of integrated disease related data to satisfy the
informational requirements of its users
 Integral part of VIS is animal disease notification system
designed according to international requirements, standards
and recommendations and able to exchange relevant
information between users
 An Information system plays an imp role in surveillance and
provide information for economic assessment of diseases and
fulfilling international reporting needs
 Various VIS operational through out the world
Examples of VIS
 ProMED- mail (program for monitoring
emerging disease): one of the first online disease
reporting system in 1994 with main intent to
assist local, national and international
organizations by world wide dissemination of
information in outbreaks of EIDs and toxins of
humans, animals and plants and threat posed by
bioterrorism.
 Has reported several first time outbreaks of
Ebola in Zaire(1995), West Nile in US (1999),
SARS in China (2002) and H5N1 in Indonesia
(2003) (Morse, 2006)
Main US agencies
 APHIS-VS- USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Services-Veterinary
services
 CEAH- Center of Epidemiology and Animal Health includes four
Centers
ADIS (Center for Animal Disease and Information Analysis)
CAHM (Center for Animal Health Monitoring)
CEI (Center for Emerging Issues)
NAHMS (National Animal Health Monitoring System)
 NAHRS (National Animal Health Reporting System)
 VMDB (Veterinary Medical Database)
Pulse- Net is a nation wide food borne disease surveillance system in
USA
Europe
 VIDA II (Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis Analysis) – a mesoscale database in
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UK
EpiMAN- a decision support system in New Zealand for control of Exotic
diseases
GPHIN (Global Public Health Intelligence Network) along with Public Health
Agency of Canada and Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
(GOARN) of WHO
AVIS (Advanced Veterinary Information System) Conceived in 1992 in London
with FAO and OIE
GIDEON (Global Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Network)
Middle East Regional Veterinary Information System Project
 It is a disease control project with Egypt, Israel, Palestinian Authority and
Jordan as its members. There is a direct exchange of official disease notification
to the OIE.
International Organizations
Major Stakeholders in this field are
 FAO-WHO-OIE collectively known as International Technical
Agencies along with WTO, the World Trade Organization
 supported by smaller disease tracking initiatives as ProMEDmail, GIDEON, EMPRES, EHTF, AHEAD, Fsnet and Agnet etc
 FAO, WHO and OIE have developed various programs and
initiatives to generate authentic and reliable information on
animal health and productivity.
 They have long standing experience in direct collaboration
regarding disease control and surveillance
 All these integrated efforts are based on increasing recognition
and need to change Veterinarian’s traditional view through a
holistic and transdisciplinary joint initiative called ‘One Health’
One Health
A collaborative effort of multiple
disciplines – working
locally,
nationally,
and globally –
to attain optimal health for
people, animals, and our
environment.
World Organisation
For Animal Health
An intergovernmental organisation
preceding the United Nations
1924
1945
Creation of the
Office
International des
Epizooties (OIE)
2003
Creation of the
United Nations
In
2010 6 Sub-Regional
Headquarters in
5 Regional
Paris (France)
Representations
20
World Organisation for
Animal Health
Representations
178 Member Countries in 2010
Africa 52 – Americas 30 – Asia, the Far East and Oceania 36
Europe 53 – Middle-East 20
Some countries belong to more than one region
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Governance structure of the OIE 5/13
The Director
General
The OIE is managed by the OIE Headquarters in Paris,
placed under the responsibility of a Director General
elected by secret ballot by the World Assembly of
Delegates.
In 2010, Dr Bernard Vallat was elected Director General of
the World Organisation for Animal Health for a third fiveyear term.
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• Animal health is a key component of animal welfare
• The OIE is recognised worldwide as the leader in
developing international standards on animal welfare
• Improve animal health, veterinary public health, animal welfare,
and consolidate the animal’s role worldwide
Transparency of
world animal
disease situation
(including
zoonoses)
Collect and
publish veterinary
scientific
information,
notably animal
disease
prevention and
control methods
Sanitary safety of
international
trade in animals
and their
products under
the mandate
given by the WTO
 A Geneva based UN specialized agency established on 7th
April, 1984 with a mission to attain highest level of health for
all people
 Has 192 member states
 Supports the building of stronger and more resilient national
health systems
 Shares resources with FAO and OIE to develop common
disease information system and keep international
community constantly alert to the threat of outbreaks of
infectious disease
Food and Agriculture Organization
 Rome based UN agency established on October 16th, 1945, responsible for
agriculture development and food production.
 mandate to fight hunger, malnutrition and extreme poverty.
 In September 2012, the priorities expanded to include
joint action on progressive control of TADs like FMD, PPR, and RVF,
establishment of regional animal health centers,
joint work on food safety and wildlife diseases and aquatic diseases and aquaculture.
 includes Animal Health Services (AGAH) to assist member countries in the
controlling animal diseases ,improving livestock production , to reinforce network of
reference labs for specific diseases and to promote the application of biotechnology
for disease diagnosis and vaccine production.
 AGAH has played a major role in prevention, diagnosis and control of diseases as
FMD, Trypanosomiasis, ASF, RVF and Screw worm
 FAO along with OIE aim to provide a system that would greatly improve exchange
of disease information, enabling each national veterinary service to be readily aware
of the disease status of every member country of OIE and/or FAO.
Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES)
 Established in 1994 ,works to control and eliminate progressively
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epidemic livestock diseases.
EMPRES has four major precepts:
early warning,
early reaction,
coordination, and
enabling research
 EMPRES Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) is a
web-based application to support veterinary services by facilitating
regional and global disease information.
 It contributes to the joint FAO/OIE/WHO Global Early Warning and
Response System for major transboundary animal diseases, including
zoonoses (GLEWS).
GLEWS
Global Early Warning System
 a joint FAO, OIE and WHO initiative aims at improving global early warning
as well as transparency among countries through sharing of information on
animal disease outbreaks and epidemiological analysis (WHO 2010).
FAO/OIE GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROGRESSIVE
CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASES (GF-TADs)
 a joint FAO/OIE initiative started in 2004 to empower countries and
regional alliances in the fight against TADs based on their regional priorities,
 to provide capacity building, to improve food security and economic growth
of developing countries through the reduction of the damaging effects of
epidemic animal disease and to promote safe trade in livestock and animal
products at all levels.
In 2005, the 58th World Health Assembly adopts
the revised International Health Regulations, “IHR”
International Health Regulations (2005)
 Legally binding framework adopted by World Health
Assembly in 2005 in response to recognized link between
globalization and disease spread
 Entered into force on 15 June 2007
Main objective: prevent and respond
to the international spread of disease
while avoiding unnecessary
interference with international traffic
and trade
Permanent institutional cooperation with
public global partner organisations
In 2010
WHO - World Health Organization
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
WTO - World Trade Organization
IPPC - International Plant Protection Convention
World Bank
CABI - CAB International
ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute
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Organizations and networks at regional and sub regional
level
 bottom up approach as they connect local, national and transnational
surveillance along with top down global and larger regional systems
through horizontal cooperation across the borders and sectors (Moore
et al., 2013).
 two main actions
Development of veterinary capabilities based on quarantine, rapid lab
diagnosis,epidemiosurveillance and information system
Designing of control programmes targeting diseases important at
regional levels
 FAO probably the first international organization to realize the need of
a regional approach to combat different animal diseases as different
situations prevail in different regions which can be efficiently dealt
only by local or regional participation and guidance.
Technical and scientific cooperation
with regional public organisations
European Commission
Andean Community
PVC
AOAD
SPC
IICA
AU-IBAR
OIRSA
IDB
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CEBEVIRHA
PAHO
ECOWAS
SADC
Regional public organisations
ASEAN - Association of the South East Asian Nations
SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
WAEMU - West African Economic and Monetary Union
SEAFDC - Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
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Americas, Europe, Canada
South Eastern Europe Health Network (SEEHN) I
a political and institutional forum set up in 2001 by governments of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria, Croatia,
Montenegro, Rep of Moldova, Romania, Serbia and former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia to promote health in the
region. Israel joined the network in 2011 as 10th member. Technical support to SEEHN’s various health projects is
provided by Europe
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Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Born in 1902., works to promote and coordinate efforts of American countries to combat diseases, supports
veterinary public health services concerning zoonoses and sanitary inspection of livestock and fishery
products (Alleyene, 1998).
 Inter American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)
provides technical assistance to veterinary services through regional mechanisms such as Inter American
laboratories network, Animal and Plant Health Information and Monitoring Network, Caribbean Animal and
Plant Health Information Network.
 Regional International Organization for Plant Protection and Animal health (OIRSA)
Works for improving plant and animal health and quarantine services to develop and coordinate programmes for
prevention, control and eradication of diseases in its member countries- Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican
Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama (OIE, 2014)
 Inter American Cooperation Group on Animal Health (GICSA)
a platform to exchange information, avoid duplication and promote complimentary support of specific activities
and comprise the PAHO, Pan American Zoonoses Center, the Pan American FMD center, OIE and the
regional Organization for Animal and Plant Health.
 Canadian Animal Health Emergency Management (CAHEM) strategy
Founded in 1962, this association has currently 52 member countries divided under six regions representing East,
Central and Southern Africa, West Africa, Australasia/Oceania, Canada/Caribbean and UK/Mediterranean.
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African Continent
 Organisation for African Unity / Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources
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(OUA/IBAR)
Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)
Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of
the Soil (SARCUSS).
FAO has initiated Middle and Near East Regional Animal Production and Health
Project MINEADEP, the PARC, the West Asian RP eradication Campaign
WAREC, the SECNA and the RADISCON.
Caribbean Animal Health Network (CaribVET) est 2006
 Southern African Centre for Disease Surveillance (SACIDS)
 The East African Integrated Disease Surveillance Network
(EAIDSNet): a joint FAO/IFAD endeavour started in April 1994
targeted at 29 countries of Africa, Middle East and Gulf to promote
animal disease surveillance within and among them by assisting each
country to establish its own National Animal Disease Surveillance
System (NADSS)
 Inter-African Bureau of Animal
Resources (IBAR)
most important organization dealing with livestock in Africa.
Based at Nairobi, Kenya, IBAR is a technical branch of the
organization of African unity (OAU).It periodically issues
Bulletin of Animal Health and Animal Production, which
contains technical and scientific articles concerning disease
control, research and animal production. It also issues
monthly animal health statistics giving the status of the major
contagious diseases in Africa.
ASIA
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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC
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Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance Network (MBDS)- one of the oldest successful self
organized infectious disease surveillance network comprising of six countries (Cambodia, China,
Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam) of Mekong Basin Area in Asia which is considered to be
a hot spot for the emergence of new emerging diseases
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Middle East Consortium on Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS) initiated in 2003,
comprises Israel, The Palestenian authority and Jordan In 2009, it coordinated efforts against the
dreaded H1N1 influenza outbreak in these countries
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Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and Pacific (APHCA)
Established by FAO at 60th session of the FAO Council with headquarters at Bangkok, based on the
concept of Technical Cooperation among developing Countries (TCDC), it aims at developing
strategies to solve important problems of livestock agriculture,. The APHCA also maintains semen
and vaccine banks. Its publication includes a monthly magazine known as ‘Asian Livestock.’
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
an association of 10 Southeast Asian nations. Under ASEAN-COFAF, it has the mechanism to endorse
the disease free status of a member country or a part of it. In past, some parts of territories of
Malaysia and the Philippines have been endorsed as FMD free by the ASEAN.
 Asian Partnership on Emerging Infectious Disease
Research (APEIR) also known as emerging infectious
disease research (Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos Thailand
and Vietnam)
a multi-country, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary research
partnership launched in 2006 for regional collaboration in
influenza research,later expanded its scope to include all
emerging infectious diseases.
 launched In 2009 by the Nuclear Threat Initiative NTI , a global
non governmental alliance to link regional and sub regional
infectious disease networks.
 Consisting of EAIDS Net, SACIDS, SEEHN, APEIR, MECIDS
and MBDS
 main purpose to speed up the capabilities of all CORDS network
members by combining the strengths of all networks of the area
in order to boost up the global surveillance against various
infectious diseases of humans and animals.
 It further supports the mandate of FAO, WHO and the OIE to
improve global health security vision. Its vision is a world united
against infectious diseases
Asia Pacific Strategy
for Emerging Diseases (APSED)
5 major components
 Surveillance warning, and rapid response
 Laboratory diagnosis
 Risk communication
 Infection control/biosafety
 Zoonoses
Regional Strategic Framework
for Prevention and Control
of Zoonoses in the
South-East Asia Region
Disease Surveillance:
Indian Scenario
 Since India categorized as a “hot spot” for emerging infectious
diseases (EID) the concern for animal health increased
manifold.(Krishnan,V. 2014)
 Disease surveillance in India has always been practiced by the
states (health being a state subject)
 The function of surveillance and control of exotic as well as
indigenous animal disease is under the Deptt. of Animal
Husbandry , Ministry of Agriculture (GOI)
 Central Council of Health and Family Welfare CCHFW is the
apex political and policy formulating body for zoonotic diseases
Constraints
 The animal disease and surveillance programmes in India
wholly inadequate and obsolete.
 among major zoonoses, there exist only a few national
programmes among human population covering TB, JE and
Leptospirosis,
 fewer progammes among animal population, mainly covering
rabies that too in select cities.(Asokan et al., 2011).
Disease surveillance in India
The establishment of the
 National Surveillance Programme on Communicable Diseases
(NSPCD) in 1997 and
 the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSPwith assistance
of World Bank in 101 districts (idsp website).
 NCDC is the focal point of IHR (international Health regulations
2005) in India (Dikid et al., 2013).
IDSP
 decentralized, State based Surveillance Program in the country
established 2004 , with the assistance of World Bank
 detect early warning signals of impending outbreaks and help initiate
an effective response in a timely manner.
Major components of the project are:
(1) Integrating and decentralization of surveillance activities
(2) Strengthening of public health laboratories
(3) Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance
Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team, other
medical and paramedical staff
(4) Use of Information Technology for collection, collation, compilation,
analysis and dissemination of data.
National Surveillance Programme for
Communicable Diseases (NSPCD)
launched by the Centre in 1997-98 in five pilot districts
of the country (centrally sponsored scheme) and over
the years extended to cover 101 Districts in the
country in all 35 states and UTs in the country.
 the states are the implementing agencies
 NCDC Delhi is the Nodal agency for coordinating the
activities.
 This programme is based on outbreak reporting (as
and when outbreaks occur) with weekly reporting of
epidemic prone diseases directly from Districts
(including nil reporting) to the Centre.
 Animal Disease Surveillance, information is collected on the incidence of
various livestock and poultry diseases and disseminated in the form of a
monthly ‘Animal Disease Surveillance Bulletin’ to all the states and also to
organizations like the OIE, APHCA etc
 proposal to integrate human and animal disease surveillance programmes,
following regular outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis and H1N1
influenza— all of which have jumped the species barrier and are now
endemic in India.
 The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) has been upgraded
to National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) as a centre of excellence
with responsibility for enhanced capabilities for rapid response and
laboratory based surveillance of communicable diseases(GOI< 2010
 The government plans Rs3,049.35 crore for NCDC in the 12th Plan, out of
which Rs52 crore will be directed at strengthening laboratories, manpower
and IEC (information, education and communication) activities for zoonotic
diseases
National Level Facilities By the Indian Government
 High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL),
Bhopal
 a containment laboratory of Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) High Security Animal Disease Laboratory
(HSADL) established in 1998 at Bhopal,
 generates base line data regarding each disease prevalent in the country.
 Project Directorate Animal Disease Monitoring And
Surveillance (PD- ADMAS)
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established in 1987 by ICAR to develop a system of diseases monitoring and surveillance of
economically important livestock diseases in the country, with a view to evolve strategic
control measures.
developed weather based forecasting models for endemic diseases
Played a crucial role in RP eradication
envisaged“Vision 2030” to attain freedom from diseases, food safety and income security
through sustainable livestock health and economics by using tools of epidemiological
surveillance (PD ADMAS Vision 2030).
developed an innovative india.admas Epitrak epidemiology software ,a dynamic and
interactive livestock disease relational database supported by Geographic Information System
(GIS).
National Animal Disease Referral Expert System
(NADRES)
 An interactive web- based software developed by the PD-
ADMAS as a component of National Agriculture Technology
Program Funded Mission Mode Sub Project on “Weather
Based Animal Disease Forecasting” and “Animal Health
Information System through Disease Monitoring and
Surveillance” especially to forecast 15 major livestock
diseases in Xth plan
The National Animal Disease Reporting System (NADRS)
 implemented by the Department of Animal Husbandry,
Dairying and Fisheries (DADF) during 2010-11 through the
National Informatics Centre (NIC).
 funded by the Union government with a grant of Rs 104.05
crore.
 Around 143 animal diseases scheduled in the Prevention and
Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals
Act, 2009 included in this reporting system.
 going on successfully in the states of Rajasthan, Delhi,
Gujarat, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.
Network of Reference Laboratories for
Surveillance in India
Kasauli
Delhi
New Delhi
Lucknow
Dibrugarh
Ahmedabad
Kolkata
Mumbai
Pune
Proposed BSL-3
under ICMR
Bangalore
Chennai
L5 labs
Pondicherry
World Health
Organization
Country Office -
Conclusion
 Control and eradication of major epidemic diseases of livestock in any area of the
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world is the ultimate necessity and requires a coordinated regional approach
need of close collaboration of among all the countries especially the developing and
underdeveloped countries HOTSPOTS groping with the problems of disease
epidemics and livestock mortality to draw baseline disease prevention and control
strategies and exchange of disease information.
although WHO, FAO and the OIE are exceptionally involved as a part of their global
initiative support system ,the onus lies on the governments, trained technical staff
and the people involved in decision making to realise the goal
Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing could be utilized as early
warning systems and in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases
cost of disease prevention must not exceed the benefits it can provide to the masses
The detection and fight against animal diseases and zoonoses need to be done in a
coordinated way.
Multiple expertise needed !
Public Health
Infectious
diseases
Epidemiology
Telecom. &
Informatics
International field
experience
Laboratory
Information
management
Widespread existence of preventable
diseases and deaths is a disgrace to
the society which tolerates it.
Thank You