Transcript Extension Poultry Health Veterinary Program

Range Production and Bird
Health
F. Dustan Clark, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Extension Poultry Health Veterinarian
Poultry Health Status
Determination
• Disease
– any departure from the normal state of health
• Normal
• Many Diseases Produce Similar Signs
• What To Look For
Observations
• Facilities
• Records
• Birds
Facilities
• Signs of outside influence
– Rodents, wildlife, insects
• Feed and water sources
– Number and availability
– Clean feed and water
• Litter or ground
• Roosts and manure
Records
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Acceptable parameters
Measurable data
Past History
Current Information
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What are the birds doing ?
How long?
How many affected?
When did it first happen?
Has it happened before?
What has been done? (Changes)
• Tests
Deaths
• Treatments
Birds
• Behavior
– Flock
– Individual
• Examples
– Eating, drinking, interactions
Examination
• Preliminary
– done while observing birds
• Complete
– must catch bird
– systematic examination of anatomic systems
– checking for variation from normal
Systematically check all anatomic systems for variance from normal
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Discharges
Accumulations
Use
Abnormal sounds, odors, colors
Swellings
Soiling of feathers
Loss
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Skeletal
Respiratory
Plumage
Circulatory
Eyes, ears, nostrils
Gastrointestinal
Feces
Learn Symptoms of Disease
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Increased mortality
No appetite
Diarrhea
Coughing
Lameness
Depression
Decreased production
Unusual behaviors
Blisters, swellings
High number of ill animals
Unthriftiness
Poultry Diseases
• Numerous Diseases in Poultry
• Comparisons
– Organic Chicken vs Commercial is limited
• Some Diseases and/or Problems are more
common
• Limitations on Therapy
Unique Problems
• Predation
• Lack of Environmental Control
Clues To Identifying Predators
1. Several birds killed
a. Mauled but not eaten
b. Killed by small bites-neatly
piled,some heads gone
c. Heads/crops eaten.
2. 1-2 birds killed
a. mauled, abdomen eaten
b. Deep marks on head and neck,
some meat eaten
3. 1 bird gone feathers left
4. Chicks killed, abdomen eaten,
lingering smell
5. Several gone-no clues
• Dogs
• Mink, weasel
• Raccoon
• Opossum
• Owl
• Fox/coyote
• Skunk
• Human
From: J. Berry. Predators: Thieves in the night. OSU/CES Bull #8204
Bacterial Diseases
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Fowl Cholera Pasteurella
Mycoplasma
MG
MS
Coryza Hemophilus paragallinarum
Botulism Botulinum toxin
• Gangrenous Dermatitis
Clostridium perfringens
• Fowl Cholera
• Mycoplasma
– MG
– MS
• Coryza
• Botulism
• Dermatitis
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Swollen face, wattles, sinuses
Pneumonia, Sudden death, swollen
joints, torticollis
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Coughing, swollen face and
sinuses. Bubbles in eye, sticky eye
discharge
Swollen joints and/or footpad
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Sticky eyelids, odor, rales, nasal
discharge
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Limberneck, flaccid paralysis
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Blue.black skin lesions, high
mortality
Dermatitis
Dermatitis
MS
Coryza
Botulism
Cholera
Mycoplasma
Viral Diseases
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Fowl Pox
Laryngotracheitis
Infectious Bronchitis
Newcastle
Mareks Disease
Avian Influenza
Pox virus
Herpes virus
Corona virus
Paramyxovirus
Herpes virus
Orthomyxovirus (Influenza)
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Fowl Pox
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Blisters, scabs,skin growths.
Difficult breathing and swallowing,
growth in mouth, death
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Laryngotracheitis
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Cough, blood on feathers, mouth, beak,
Difficult breathing, death
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Infectious Bronchitis
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Egg drop, cough, sneeze, poor egg
quality
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Egg drop, soft shell eggs, chirping,
cough
(high mortality, diarrhea, CNS,
depression, nasal discharge)
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Newcastle
– Avian Paramyxo
– Exotic Newcastle
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Mareks
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Avian Influenza (AI)
– Low Path AI
– High Path AI
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Paralysis of legs, wings, neck, birds less
than 6 months
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High mortality, hemorrhages, similar to
Exotic Newcastle
Mareks
Bronchitis
Pox
Mareks
LT
AI
Pox
END
Internal Parasites
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Coccidia
Blackhead
Tapeworms
Gapeworms
Threadworms
Roundworms
Eimeria sp.
Histomonas
Syngamus
Capillaria sp.
Ascarids
• Coccidia
• Weight loss, huddling, blood in
feces, mortality in young.
Unthrifty.
• Blackhead
• Weight loss, unthrifty, yellow
diarrhea
• Gapes
• Gasping, open mouth
• Tapes
• Weight loss, See in feces
• Weight loss, unthrifty, ruffled
• Rounds
• Hair/Thread
• Diarrhea, Unthrifty, thickened
crop.
Tapes
Coccidia
Hairworms
Blackhead
External Parasites
• Lice
• Mites
– Skin
– Leg
• Lice
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Feather damage, skin damage,
feather picking, irritation
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Feather and skin damage, feathers
look oily, anemia, feather loss.
Northern stays on bird
– Numerous species
• Mites
– Northern
– Red
– Scaly Leg
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Feather loss, picking, anemia,
restless at night, skin damage. Red
gets on bird at night
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Thick dry white or yellow crusts on
leg scales.
Scaly leg mite
Northern Fowl Mite
Louse
Red Mite
Therapy
• May be limited
• Many antibiotics are
unavailable
• Most vaccines for
meat poultry are given
early in life
– 18 days of incubation
– Day 1
Biosecurity
Biosecurity
Greek:
Bios
Security
- “Life”
- Protection
Effects of Disease
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Decreased reproduction
Decreased productivity
Increased mortality
Decreased cash-flow
Quarantines
Market loss
Flock loss
How Much Biosecurity
is Needed?
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No one plan
Use common sense
Risk of each potential source of disease
Spend more money on treatment (and
production losses) than prevention would
have cost
Sources of Pathogens
1. Introduction of diseased or carrier animals
2. Clothing or person of visitors
3. Introduction of contaminated materials
(fomites)- feeds, forages
4. Inappropriate disposal of carcasses
5. Contaminated water supplies
6. Fence line contact
7. Vehicles
8. Wildlife, rodents, wild birds, insects, pets
9. Air-borne fomites
10. Vertical transmission
Biosecurity
Risk Accepted
• Personal decision
• Talk to veterinarian, county agent,
banker, spouse
Control Points
Two General Areas
1. Farm Facilities (Location, Structures, Layout)
2. Farm Operational Procedures
Farm Location
• What roads are nearby ?
• Distance to other facilities
• Distance to other animal facilities
Farm Layout and Construction
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Road type
Type and condition of fences
Buildings and pens
Feed bins
Animal/Bird and waste disposal
Farm Operational Procedures
Greatest impact on Biosecurity
Easy and Quick to change
Biosecurity Practices
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Control exposure to diseased or carrier animals
Control visitor access
Ensure that fomites (objects) are clean
Dispose of carcasses appropriately
Check feed and water contamination
Control fence line contact
Control exposure to vermin
Address vertical transmission
Air borne contamination
Other practices you discover
Controlling Exposure
• Purchase from known health status herds
• Isolate new or returning animals for at
least 2 weeks
– 30 days is best
• Test new additions for disease as
appropriate
• Keep records
• Veterinary examinations
Protect Poultry by
Raising their Resistance
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Vaccination program
Parasite control program
Reduce stress
Nutrition
Visitor or Traffic Control
• Second greatest threat
• May carry disease
organisms
• May be necessary
• May bring equipment
• Restrict Access to
animals
• Require identification
• Keep facilities & gates
locked
• Have visitors sign a log
• Change clothes, use
coveralls, boot covers
• Wash hands and
disinfect
• 48 hr min. quarantine
(Internationals)
Farm Entrance
• One secured entrance
• Biosecurity Sign
Sanitation and Disinfection
• Keep farm clean
• Boot bath (scrub brush and disinfectant)
– Boots for on farm only
• Coveralls
• Spray car/truck tires
– Clean floor mats
• Wash (CD) all incoming equipment
– Best to not borrow equipment
Coveralls, Hat, and Boots
Clean and Disinfect Equipment
Foot Baths
• Change periodically
• Use appropriate
disinfectant
• Clean boots before use
Appropriate Disinfectant for the Job
Commercial disinfectants
Bleach
3 parts to 2 parts water
Pest Management
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Sources of Disease
Rodents, flies, wildlife, animals, etc.
Minimize contact
Control measures should be a part of
general routine
Rodent Control
Clean feed and water
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Water available at all times
Clean water
Prevent rodent contamination of feed
Remove contaminated feed
Animal Waste Storage and Disposal
Avoid contamination of environment and animals
Other on Farm Animals
Disease in Other “On Farm”
Animals May Result In
• Quarantine
• Excessive Mortality
• Slow movement of unaffected animals to
markets
• Government regulations
– Permits
– Quarantines
– Restrictions
Assistance
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Isolate sick animals
Have all dead animals necropsied
Report unusual signs immediately
Health certificates if out of state animals
Veterinarian, County agent
Participate in local, state, national, etc.
associations
• State Cooperative Extension Service
Biosecurity Practices
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Control exposure to diseased or carrier animals
Control visitor access
Ensure that fomites (objects) are clean
Dispose of carcasses appropriately
Check feed and water contamination
Control fence line contact
Control exposure to vermin
Address vertical transmission
Air borne contamination
Other practices you discover
BioSecurity Essentials
• Lock animal facilities
• Separate clothing for on-farm use
• Restrict visitors to minimum and insist on
clothing change and possibly shower
• All machines, vehicles and equipment
disinfected upon entry to farm
• Foot/shoe baths containing disinfectants at
entrance
• Proper disposal of dead carcasses
• Post “Restricted” signs at entrance - and
enforce!
Recognize Disease Early
Other Points to Consider
Practice Biosecurity
• Do not visit your neighbor if you
have a problem
A Biosecurity Program Needs
Flexibility
Look for Warning Signs of
Problems
Anticipate The Unexpected
Be Vigilant in Disease
Prevention