Sound Levels
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Music
Physics 202
Professor Vogel
(Professor Carkner’s notes, ed)
Lecture 8
Intensity of Sound
The loudness of sound depends on its
intensity, which is the power the wave
delivers per unit area:
I = P/A
The units of intensity are W/m2
The intensity can be expressed as:
I = ½rvw2sm2
Compare to expression for power in a transverse
wave
Depends directly on r and v (medium
properties)
Depends on the square of the amplitude and
the frequency (wave properties)
Intensity and Distance
Consider a source that produces a sound of
initial power Ps
As you get further away from the source the
intensity decreases because the area over
which the power is distributed increases
The total area over which the power is
distributed depends on the distance from the
source, r
I = P/A = Ps/(4pr2)
Sounds get fainter as you get further away
because the energy is spread out over a larger
area
I falls off as 1/r2 (inverse square law)
Inverse Square Law
Source
r
A1=4pr2
I1 = Ps/A1
2r
A2=4p(2r)2 = 16pr2 = 4A1
I2 = Ps/A2 = ¼ I1
The Decibel Scale
The human ear is sensitive to sounds over a
wide range of intensities
To conveniently handle such a large range, a
logarithmic scale is used known as the decibel
scale
b = (10 dB) log (I/I0)
Where b is the sound level (in decibels, dB)
I0 = 10-12 W/m2 (at the threshold of human
hearing)
log is base 10 log (not natural log, ln)
There is an increase of 10 dB for every factor
of 10 increase in intensity
Sound Levels
Hearing Threshold
0 dB
Whisper
10 dB
Talking
60 dB
Rock Concert
110 dB
Pain
120 dB
Human Sound Reception
Humans are sensitive to sound over a huge range
A pain level sound is a trillion times as intense as a sound
you can barely hear
Your hearing response is logarithmic
A sound 10 times as intense sounds twice as loud
Thus the decibel scale
Why logarithmic?
Being sensitive to a wide intensity range is more useful than
fine intensity discrimination
Similar to eyesight
Your ears are also sensitive to a wide range of
frequencies
About 20 – 20000 Hz
You lose sensitivity to high frequencies as you age
Generating Musical Frequencies
Many devices are designed to produce
standing waves
e.g., Musical instruments
Frequency corresponds to note
e.g., Middle A = 440 Hz
Can produce different f by
changing v
Tightening a string
Changing L
Using a fret
Music
A musical instrument is a device for setting up
standing waves of known frequency
A standing wave oscillates with large amplitude and so
is loud
We shall consider an generalized instrument
consisting of a pipe which may be open at one or
both ends
Like a pipe organ or a saxophone
There will always be a node at the closed end
and an anti-node at the open end
Can have other nodes or antinodes in between,
but this rule must be followed
Closed end is like a tied end of string, open end is like a
string end fixed to a freely moving ring
Sound Waves in a Tube
Harmonics
Pipe open at both ends
For resonance need a integer number of ½
wavelengths to fit in the pipe
Antinode at both ends
L=½ln
v = lf
f = nv/2L
n = 1,2,3,4 …
Pipe open at one end
For resonance need an integer number of ¼
wavelengths to fit in the pipe
Node at one end, antinode at other
L = ¼l n
v = lf
f = nv/4L
n = 1,3,5,7 … (only have odd harmonics)
Harmonics
in Closed
and Open
Tubes
Beat Frequency
You generally cannot tell the difference
between 2 sounds of similar frequency
If you listen to them simultaneously
you hear variations in the sound at a
frequency equal to the difference in
frequency of the original two sounds
called beats
fbeat = f1 –f2
Beats
Beats and Tuning
The beat phenomenon can be used to tune
instruments
Compare the instrument to a standard
frequency and adjust so that the frequency of
the beats decrease and then disappear
Orchestras generally tune from “A” (440 Hz)
acquired from the lead oboe or a tuning fork