Transcript What is Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering &
Biomaterial
Introduction
Titik Nuryastuti
MIcrobiology Department, Fac. of Medicine
Universitas Gadjah Mada
BIOMEDICAL Engineering
What is Biomedical Engineering ?
integrate biology and medicine with
engineering to solve problems related to
living systems
Biomedical engineering is the application
of techniques drawn from engineering to
the analysis and solution of problems in
biology and medicine.
Biomedical engineering applies the
techniques of all classical engineering
disciplines to problems encountered in
living systems.
CRICOS: 00116K
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Biomedical Engineers bridge the gap between clinical
medicine and applied medical technology.
Biomedical Engineers must be capable of defining a medical
problem in engineering science terms and of finding a solution
that satisfies both engineering and medical requirements
This includes developing systems to:
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maintain and enhance life,
designing replacement parts for people,
creating systems to allow the handicapped to function, work and
communicate
Etc.
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Biomedical Engineers have expertise in:
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engineering science,
biological science
medical science.
Biomedical engineering is usually based on one of
the traditional engineering disciplines, such as
electrical or mechanical engineering.
New fields of biomedical engineering include areas
such as:
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medical electronics,
clinical engineering,
biomaterials,
rehabilitation engineering.
biomedical
engineering
imaging
biomechanics
bioinfomatics
tissue engineering
prosthetic devices
clinical engineering
health engineering
Biomedical Engineering is Diverse
Engineering: Electrical, Chemical, Mechanical, Materials,
Industrial, Nuclear, Textile, Computer Science
Physical Sciences: Chemistry, Physics
Life Sciences: Biology, Forestry, Physiology, Botany, Genetics
Clinical: Radiology, Radiation Oncology, Orthopaedics, Cardiology,
Dentistry, Neurology, Surgery, Vet Med
Others: Pharmacy, Bioinformatics, Information Technology
BME area..
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Bioinstrumentation
Biomaterials
Biomechanics
Biomedical computing & signal processing
Biomolecular engineering
MEMS-Micro-electromechanical systems
Minimally invasive surgery
Tissue engineering, ...
Major advances
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Hip joint replacement
Heart pacemaker
Magnetic resonance imaging
Arthroscopy
Heart-lung machine
Angioplasty
Bioengineered skin
Timed-release drug capsules
Artificial articulated joint
Kidney dialysis
Bioinstrumentation
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The application of electronics and
measurement principles to develop devices
used in diagnosis and treatment of disease.
EXAMPLES are the electrocardiogram,
cardiac pacemaker, blood pressure
measurement, hemoglobin oxygen
saturation, kidney dialysis, and ventilators.
Biomaterials
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Describes both living tissue and materials
used for implantation.
Choose appropriate material
Nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, chemically inert,
stable, and mechanically strong enough to
withstand the repeated forces of a lifetime.
Metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, and
composites
Biomechanics
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Mechanics applied to biological or medical
problems
Study of motion, material deformation, flow
within the body and in devices, and transport
of chemicals across biological and synthetic
media and membranes.
EXAMPLES: artificial heart and replacement
heart valves, the artificial kidney, the artificial
hip, function of organs
Biomedical computing & signal
processing
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Computers are becoming increasingly
important in medical signal processing, from
the microprocessor used to do a variety of
small tasks in a single-purpose instrument to
the extensive computing power needed to
process the large amount of information in a
medical imaging system.
Rehabilitation Engineering
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Rehabilitation engineering uses concepts in
biomechanics and other areas to develop
devices to enhance the capabilities and
improve the quality of life for individuals with
physical and cogitative impairments.
They are involved in:
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Prosthetics,
Development of the home and/or workplace,
Transportation modifications.
Micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS)
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Microtechnology and micro scale phenomena
is an emerging area of research in biomedical
engineering
Many of life's fundamental processes take
place on the micro scale
We can engineer systems at the cellular
scale to provide new tools for the study of
biological processes and miniaturization of
many devices, instruments and processes
Minimally invasive medicine &
surgery
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Uses technology to reduce the debilitating
nature of some medical treatments.
Minimally invasive surgery using advanced
imaging techniques that precisely locate and
diagnose problems
Virtual reality systems that immerse clinicians
directly into the procedure reduce the
invasiveness of surgical interventions.
Robarts Research Institute, U. of Western Ontario
Rehabilitation engineering
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A new and growing specialty area of
biomedical engineering
Rehabilitation engineers expand capabilities
and improve the quality of life for individuals
with physical impairments.
Because the products of their labor are often
individualized, the engineer often works
directly with the disabled individual
Telemedicine
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Delivering health care at a distance
Diagnosis
Therapy
Real-time consultation
Tissue engineering
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The principles of engineering and life
sciences are applied toward the generation of
biological substitutes aimed at the creation,
preservation or restoration of lost organ
function. This field is dedicated to the
creation of new functional tissue
Biomedical Engineering Research
Examples...
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Elastography for breast cancer diagnosis
Doppler signal processing in carotid plaque
detection
Imaging sensor development
Tissue characterization using fluorescencelifetime imaging
Recent
Accomplishments
Portable Doppler device
Catheterization simulation
New techniques for breast
cancer diagnosis
3D ultrasound imaging
Multimodality medical
image registration
Why BME important for medical
student ?
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challenge
interdisciplinary
results are visible and beneficial
many kinds of jobs available
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Applications of biomedical engineering is
almost endless and is developing every day,
it includes
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cardiac monitors to clinical computing,
artificial hearts to contact lenses,
wheel chairs to artificial tendons,
modeling dialysis therapy to modeling the
cardiovascular system.
Biomedical engineers are also integral in the
management of technology in hospitals and
health care delivery.
Career Opportunities
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Biomedical engineers are exposed to many
fields of study in engineering, medicine and
biology. Due to this broad experience
biomedical engineers find employment in:
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hospitals,
government bodies,
industry or
academic areas.
Elfani et al,2013
What do Biomedical Engineers do?
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Design of medical instrumentation
Design prostheses;
Contribute in the development, manufacture
and testing of medical products
Manage of technology in the hospital system.
Treatment:
1. Doctor diagnoses and treat patient
diseases.
2. Biomedical Scientist analyses the
blood from a patient so that the doctor
knows how to diagnose and treat.
3. Biomedical Engineer design the
equipment used to analyze the blood.
CRICOS: 00116K
Heart Transplant:
1. Biomedical Scientist determines
blood flow and heart functions
2. Biomedical Engineer uses this
information to design the
artificial heart
3. Doctor carries out surgery and
monitors patient health
CRICOS: 00116K
Replacing Damaged Skin
1. Biomedical Scientist establishes how
the artificial skin will be tolerated by
the body.
2. Biomolecular Engineer designs,
operates and maintains the process to
grow the synthetic skin (tissue
engineering).
3. Doctor operates to graft the artificial
skin to the body.
CRICOS: 00116K
Repairing a Damaged Hip
1. Biomedical Scientist establishes how
the hip joint functions in the body
2. Biomedical Engineer designs the
prosthesis (artificial hip)
3. Doctor operates on the patient and
monitors the recovery
CRICOS: 00116K
Repairing Damaged Bones
1. Biomedical Scientist establishes how
the bones function in the body.
2. Biomedical Engineer designs the
equipment to be used during surgery
to ensure correct alignment.
3. Doctor operates on the patient and
monitors the recovery.
CRICOS: 00116K
GWU
GWU
Main Fields of Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation:
• Medical instrumentation is the application
of electronics and measurement
techniques to develop devices used in
diagnosis and treatment of disease.
• Computers are an important and
increasingly essential part of medical
instrumentation, from the microprocessor
in a single-purpose instrument to the
microcomputer needed to process the
large amount of information in a medical
imaging system.
• Examples of medical instrumentation
include: heart monitors, microelectrodes,
defibrillators and glucose monitoring
machines
Biomaterials
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Biomaterials is the use of materials, both living
tissue and artificial materials, for implantation.
Understanding the properties of the living materials
is vital in the design of implant materials. The
selection of an appropriate material to place in the
human body may be one of the most difficult tasks
faced by the biomedical engineer. Certain metal
alloys, ceramics, polymers and composites have
been used as implant materials.
Biomaterials (cont)
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Biomaterials must be
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nontoxic,
non-carcinogenic,
chemically inert (not reacting violently with the body's
chemical composition),
Stable
mechanically strong enough to withstand the repeated
forces of a lifetime of use.
Newer biomaterials even incorporate living cells in
order to provide a true biological and mechanical
match for the living tissue.
Biomaterials (cont)
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Examples of biomaterials include
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Dental adhesives,
Bone cement,
Replacement bones/joints,
Heart prosthetics,
Heart replacement valves
Artificial lungs
Artificial kidneys.
System Physiology and Modeling
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The use of scientific and
engineering principles to predict the
behavior of a system of interests.
Systems of interest may include the
human body, particular organs or
organ systems and medical
devices.
System Physiology and Modeling (cont)
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Modeling is used in the analysis of
experimental data and in formulating
mathematical descriptions of physiological
events.
In research, modeling is used as a predictive
tool in designing new experiments to refine
our knowledge.
Examples are the biochemistry of metabolism
and the control of limb movements
Signal processing
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Collection and analysis of data from patients or experiments in
an effort to understand and identify individual components of the
data set or signal.
The manipulation and dissection of the data or signal provides
the physician and experimenter with vital information on the
condition of the patient or the status of the experiment.
Biomedical Engineers apply signal-processing methods to the
design of medical devices that monitor and diagnose certain
conditions in the human body.
Examples include heart arrhythmia detection software and brain
activity
Medical Imaging
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Medical Imaging combines knowledge of a
unique physical phenomenon (sound, radiation,
magnetism etc.) with high-speed electronic data
processing, analysis and display to generate an
image.
Often, these images can be obtained with
minimal or completely non-invasive procedures,
making them less painful and more readily
repeatable than invasive techniques.
Examples include Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI), ultrasound and computed tomography
(CT).
Biomechanics
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Biomechanics applies both fluid mechanics and
transport phenomena to biological and medical
issues. It includes the study of motion, material
deformation, flow within the body, as well as
devices, and transport phenomena in the body, such
as transport of chemical constituents across
biological and synthetic media and membranes.
Efforts in biomechanics have developed the artificial
heart, replacement heart valves and the hip
replacement.
Biomechanics
(cont)
MIT