Transcript Biomedical Research

Biomedical Research
Unit J
Biomedical Research
• Basic research
• Conducted to increase fundamental
knowledge
• Assists in understanding life processes and
disease
• Provides building blocks for other research
• Ex. How does our heart work ?
Biomedical research
• Applied research
• Directed towards a specific objective
• Used for development of new drug, treatment
or surgical option
• Conducted with animals primarily and non
animal methods
• Ex. What happens to the heart if we do this?
Biomedical Research
• Clinical Research
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Last stage of research
Use humans
Used to test drugs and treatments in human
Builds on what is done in basic and applied
research
Biomedical Research
Biomedical Research Methods
• Chemical, mechanical, mathematical, and
computer simulations
• Computers increase speed and efficiency of
processing data
• Can see patterns
• Reduces number of animals needed
• Will never replace laboratory testing
In vitro testing
• In vitro means in glass
• Takes place in a lab
• Allows scientist to study
a single effect at a time
• Can control environment
• Critical to study viruses
In vitro testing
• Easier to control than whole animal systems
• Limitation is cells tested are not exposed to
complex functions, which is what is happening
in a living organism
• Testing can not tell us how substance effects a
complex system
Non human animal models
• Animals are best known surrogate for humans
in the lab
• More ethical to use than animals
• Animals share the same cells, tissues, organs
and systems as humans
• Use of animals is regulated by federal
government
• Animals expensive to care for
Human Studies
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Developing prescription drugs
Is drug safe in humans?
Does drug work in human? Viagra
3 phases
12 years in all research before available to
public
• Limitation is ethically there are questions
• 3.5 yrs- laboratory and animal studies
• 1 yr.-Phase 1 clinical studies 10-30 healthy volunteers
• Is it safe?
• 2 yrs.- Phase 2 clinical studies 100-300 volunteer pts.
• Is it effective?
3 yrs. – Phase 3 clinical studies 1000-3000 volunteer pts.
2.5 yrs.- FDA Review Firm files new drug application-2 ½ yrs to
complete
12 yrs of study before drug approved
Costs millions of dollars
Epidemiological Studies
• Experimental- provide or with hold substance
to figure out effects
• Descriptive- looks at data on extent of health
problems due to exposure ex. Pollution
• Observational- look at small groups to see
strength between variable and disease
• Ex. Pollution and emphysema
Epidemiological Studies
• Strengths- see direct effects on humans,
helps us see patterns
• Limitations- humans must be exposed before
effect can be studied
hard to prove direct cause and
effect
privacy issues and expensive
Contributions of biomedical
research to human health
• Treatment for heart disease- heart lung
machine- changed heart surgery forever
Treatment for Cancer
• Most studied disorder in biomedical research
• Finding new drugs to prevent spread of cancer
• Understanding gene therapy
Treatment for Diabetes
• Insulin made by bacteria in lab
• New oral meds
• New sugar monitoring equipment- less blood
needed
• Insulin pumps
• Transplantation of pancreas cells, pancreas
Bone Marrow Transplants
• Treatment for leukemia- cancer
• In 1950s every child died with in 6 months of
diagnosis
• Now with research 75% of all children survive
• Use stem cells from umbilical cord blood
Vaccinations
• Smallpox- Edward Jenner discovered in 1967
WHO led a campaign to stop smallpox with
vaccines worldwide
• Polio- Salk and Sabin discovered- given by
mouth now with attenuated or weakened
virus
• Chicken pox- Varicella- 1995-given to children
12 mos and older who have not had disease
Vaccinations
• Hepatitis- A and B liver disease
Hepatitis B vaccine 1989
Hepatitis A vaccine 1995
Hepatitis A/B vaccine 2001
Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Treatments
• Fluoride- many countries, including the US,
add to water to decrease tooth decay
• Antibiotics- Penicillin- 1st antibiotic discovered
by Alexander Fleming
• Cyclosporine- anti rejection drug for organ
transplants
Surgical Procedures and Treatments
• Pacemakers
• AngioplastyYouTube - What is ANGIOPLASTY
and STENTING.mht
• Organ Transplantation
AIDS Research
• Began in 1980s, caused by a virus
• HIV progresses to AIDS when immune system
is impaired and person becomes susceptible
to infection
• Animals important part of AIDS research
• Anti-HIV drugs- must take many pills a day,
some not covered by insurance
(experimental), many side effects
• COMMON SENSE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
BEST WAY TO PREVENT AIDS-RAINCOATS!!!
Multiple Benefits to Animals
• Research for humans has led to many
treatments and medications that save the
lives of animals also
• Many vaccines that save the lives of our pets
and animals raised by farmers for our food